The human microbiota the microorganisms within and on our bodies has a fundamental role in host physiology and pathology. Gut microbial alteration is a condition associated not only with gastrointestinal disorders but also with diseases affecting other distal organs. The importance of the gut-brain axis in maintaining homeostasis has long been appreciated. Recently it became evident that the intestinal bacteria can affect the central nervous system physiology and inflammation. The microbiota as one of the key regulators of gut-brain function and has led to the appreciation of the importance of a distinct microbiota-gut-brain axis. The nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract are communicating through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the vagus nerve, the immune system, and bacterial metabolites and products. Many factors can influence microbiota composition for example age, infection, mode of birth delivery, use of antibiotic medications, diet, environmental stressors, host genetics etc. and the altered gut microbiota could influence the brain function as well.

The gut microbiota has a crucial role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape neural development, modulate neurotransmission and affect behavior, and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of many neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological conditions.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis represents a promising avenue for understanding the pathophysiology of neurological diseases and developing novel therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota to modulate brain function and behavior. However, further research is needed to elucidate the complex interactions within this axis and translate findings into clinical practice.