Clinical Oncology - 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[Foreword]

A szerkesztők

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HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[News from the World]

KLINIKAI Onkológia

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HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[New results from San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, 2017]

KAHÁN Zsuzsanna

[SABCS 2017 has been a 40-year jubilee conference with festive appearance and content. The anniversary provides possibility to look back: today we fi nd the knowledge and practice as of twenty years ago schematic and rough while the changes are overwhelming. Therapy became colorful and personally. There is need for precisious care which means consideration all patient and tumor features when surgical or medical therapy, radiotherapy or even diagnostic issues are decided - this has been the most important message of the conference this year. The Symposium always provides the most modern and breakthrough approaches and attitude that support advancement in patient care.]

HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma - an update]

DEMETER Gyula, VÉGH Éva

[Last time we have described about the modern treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in „Klinikai Onkológia” in 2014 (1) and a detailed guideline regarding epidemiology, treatment according to BCLC staging system has been published as well in a special edition in this year (2). Here, we discuss mainly the fi rst- and second line systemic treatment of HCC according to our experience and the new results of clinical trials. 203 patients were treated in our Department between 2010 and 2016. These results have been presented already on the MKOT conference in 2016. In this year we have started second line systemic therapy with regorafenib in 9 cases.]

HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[Solid organ transplantation and malignancies]

VÉGSŐ Gyula, MÁTHÉ Zoltán

[Recent breakthroughs in the fi eld of organ transplantation and oncology have challenged existing views, and necessitate the revision of several tumor-related issues in transplantation. The need for expanding the donor pool raises the question of how and when it is plausible to transplant the organs of a donor with a history of cancer, such that the risk of tumor inoculation and manifestation due to the graft would be minimal for the recipient. Another point to consider is whether it is acceptable to transplant a recipient with a history of a malignant tumor, and if yes, how much tumor-free survival time is required as a minimum before the transplant. Transplanted patients live longer as a result of modern immunosuppressive therapy. However, the risk of malignant tumors increases proportionally to the length of the immunosuppressed state: their incidence may be as much as 20-30% in the long term. The signifi cance of „de novo” posttransplant tumors is highlighted by the fact that they are among the leading causes of death in transplant patients. Taken together, malignant diseases pose a serious problem from several aspects, the solution for which requires close teamwork of experts in oncology and transplantation, and the integration of up-to-date knowledge in the process of making a therapeutic decision, tailored individually for the patient.]

HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[Treatment of locally advanced rectum cancer]

FRÖBE Ana, JURETIC Antonio, BROZIC Marić Jasmina, SOLDIC Zeljko, ZOVAK Mario

[Over the last several decades, local control (LC) for rectal cancer has markedly improved because of advances in surgical technique and the adoption of adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Total mesorectal excision (TME) during surgical resection of localized rectal cancer, which involves removal of the entire circumferential perirectal tissue envelope, decreases rates of both involved surgical margins and local recurrences. Similarly, for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), including T3 and T4 tumors and lymph node-positive disease, adjuvant and more preferably neoadjuvant CRT has exhibited the ability to both improve disease-free survival (DFS) and LC. Some patients undergoing neoadjuvant CRT achieve a complete pathologic response (pCR) to CRT and the oncologic outcomes are particularly favourable in this group. In contrast to improved local control, patients’ overall survival rates are in need of improvement, and the major factor limiting the outcome is the appearance of metachronous distant metastases. The main approach to overcome this issue is the escalation of systemic therapy in the neoadjuvant setting, e.g. by addition of induction or consolidation chemotherapy before or after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (the so-called total neoadjuvant treatment, TNT, approach). The aim was to present a short overview of the role of radiotherapy and radiochemotherapy in the management of rectal cancer with a focus on current treatment stand wasards for locally advanced rectal cancer.]

HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition) – CSC (Cancer Stem Cells)]

KOPPER László

[The effi cacy of the antitumor therapy is usually limited due to the resistance against the chemotherapy. One of the most important reason of the secunder resistance is the intratumoral heterogeneity, which is the consequence of the variety tumor phenotypes in the same tumor. Such clonal heterogeneity develops during the tumor growth or tumor therapy. The cancer stem cells (CSC), according to the concept, can determine the progression of the tumor, including metastatization, which probably the major enemy for clinical oncology. This activity of CSC, in tumors with epithelial origin, is supported by a change from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype (epithelial-mesenchymal transition); but not entirely. The CSC phenotype is very similar to characteristic of the normal stem cells, as resistance, self-renewal etc. The mechanisms of these concepts is known only partially, but the technical advances contribute to the identifi cation of key genetic and epigenetic regulatory pathways. If such improvement becomes real, we can be much ahead both with markers and therapeutic targets.]

HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[Fatigue - symptom or side effect]

TOKODI Zsófia

[Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is common in most cancer patient, which has a high impact on the quality of their life. It affects not only the patient itself, but also their families and relationships. It is the most underreported, overlooked and undertreated symptom. The screening and adequate treatment of CFR is getting more attention nowadays and it became the subject of guidelines of several international expert groups like the ASCO) and the NCCN. In this review we would like to summarize the contributory factors of CRF, the screening methods, the clinical assessment and the interventions of patients with cancer related fatigue. We try to give guidance to distinguish fatigue as a symptom of disease progression or as a side effect that we can treat. But lastly the most important question becomes that why CRF is so underreported.]

HUN 2018;5(01)

Clinical Oncology

FEBRUARY 10, 2018

[The role of early clinical studies in oncology]

KERPEL-FRONIUS Sándor

[Although the basic theory of the early development of different drug groups is identical, due to their various pharmacological characteristics the design of the studies, the starting safe dose and the selection of the pharmacologic and therapeutic end-points show signifi cant differences. The development process of drugs is usually divided into two functionally different parts, the learning and the confi rming phases, respectively. The aim of the fi rst part is the description of the suggested targets, the mechanism of action in humans and the characterization of the drug-linked biomarkers. This section contains the microdose (phase 0), phase I and II studies. The end-point of this part is the proof of the underlying concept which was developed on the basis of the non-clinical studies. According to the internationally accepted terminology, this strategically important point is called the Proof of Concept (POC). Upon POC it has to be decided whether the drug-candidate possesses those qualities which make it worthwhile to perform human phase III studies, treating the statistically required number of patients for proving the good therapeutic effi cacy and safety of the drug. This section of the drug development is called the confi rmatory phase. The use of highly sophisticated technology opened the possibility to apply microdoses in humans for studying the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of new drugs as well as the characteristics of human biomarkers at very low, harmless drug doses. This approach made possible to draw important conclusions on the usefulness of biomarkers for the clinical practice even following the fi rst drug-application. The planning of phases I and II studies, the calculation of the applicable doses, the selection of the pharmacologic and therapeutic end-points, the use of biomarkers, are all based on the concept of translational medicine and are essentially dependent on the results obtained both in animal experiments and human microdose studies.]

HUN 2018;5(01)