Introduction - Our aim is to present a rare case where a child had delirium manifestation after instillation of cyclopentolate. Case presentation - A 7-year old patient was seen in our outpatient clinic, and cyclopentolate was dropped three times at 10 minutes intervals in both eyes. The patient suddenly developed behavioral disorders along with gait disturbance, and complained of visual hallucinations 20-25 minutes after the last drop. The patient was transferred to intensive care unit and 0.02 mg/kg IV. physostigmine was administered. The patient improved after minutes of onset of physostigmine, and was discharged with total recovery after 30 minutes. Conclusion - Delirium is a rare systemic side effect of cyclopentolate. The specific antidote is physostigmine, which can be used in severely agitated patients who are not responding to other therapies.

[Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal condition, which affects 10-15% of adults in developed countries. Recent observations have raised the possibility that disturbances in the gut microbiota and/or the accompanying low-grade inflammatory state might contribute to the etiology and symptomatology of irritable bowel syndrome. Some studies indicate that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), as confirmed by hydrogen breath tests (HBT), is more prevalent in patients with irritable bowel syndrome than in matched controls without IBS. Although the data are conflicting, this observation has led to the hypothesis that bacterial contamination was the primary cause of IBS. As a consequence of this hypothesis, a lot of therapeutic options have found their way into the armamentarium of those who treat patients with IBS. These agents include probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. This paper describes the various mechanisms by which changes in the gut flora might contribute to IBS and also discusses the efficacy and safety of antibiotic therapies, especially rifaximin, for treating IBS/SIBO symptoms.]

[In spine surgery, minimally invasive approaches (MIS) are getting accepted and more popular worldwide during the last decades. It is due to the reduced intraoperative blood loss, decreased infection rate, less postoperative pain and earlier discharge from hospital compared to traditional approaches. The present paper puts forward a minimally invasive extrapleural approach to the thoracic spine that is not applied in Hungary. This new approach, in contrast to the standard costotransversectomy, provides direct visual control over the ventral surface of the dural sac. Furthermore, contrary to the transthoracic way, following minimally invasive extrapleural surgery thoracic drainage and intensive care are not necessary. The approach can be applied safely in treatment of ventral or ventrolateral pathologies of the thoracic spine. ]

[Background and aims - In order to reach target blood pressure values more successfully and to achieve better therapeutic compliance, concomitant use of more antihypertensive agents with different mechanisms of action has gained much attention recently. In the PEARL study we investigated the antihypertensive effect of fixed dose combinations of perindopril and amlodipine (5/5, 5/10, 10/5, 10/10 mg Covercard) by measuring blood pressure values in the doctor’s office and with a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor (ABPM) in outpatients with primary, grade 1 or 2 hypertension, whose target values could not be reached with prior treatment. We also assessed changes of metabolic parameters and how patients felt themselves throughout the study. Patients and methods - In this open-label, multicentre, non-interventional, observational, 3 month long study we evaluated the data of 10 335 patients (5 483 female, 4 852 male, mean age: 61.0±12.4 years, waist circumference 99.0±13.8 cm). The mean duration of hypertension was 9.5±7.7 years. After signing the informed consent form, patients attended three visits (inclusion, months 1 and 3), and they were asked to fill in the data sheets (visit 1: gender, age, waist circumference, blood pressure and heart rate measured at the doctor’s office, duration of hypertension, risk factors, complications, accompanying diseases, previous antihypertensive treatments, complaints), laboratory blood tests and ABPM were optionally performed; visits 2 and 3: blood pressure and heart rate measured at the doctor’s office, adverse events, patient’s evaluation about the way they felt themselves, treatment, optionally performed laboratory blood tests and ABPM. Patients were asked to take perindopril-amlodipine fixed combination tablets in the mornings; the dose was increased if no normalization of blood pressure was observed. Data were analyzed with a one-sample t-test. The consistency of the different frequency distributions was tested with a Chi-square test. The two-sided level of significance was set at 5%. Results - All the parameters sensitive to treatment efficacy (blood pressure values measured on-site and with ABPM) were significantly improved with perindopril-amlodipine fixed combination treatment. Blood pressure measured at the doctor’s office reduced from 158/93 mmHg to 132/80 mmHg, while 24-hour mean blood pressure reduced from 145/84 mmHg to 128/76 mmHg (p<0.001), the diurnal index sensitive to blood pressure variability did not change and a dipper curve was observed throughout the study. Target blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) was reached by 75.5 % of the patients. The mean dosage at the end of the study was 8 mg perindopril and 7.3 mg amlodipine. The results were consistent across subgroups of different previously received treatments and cardiovascular risks. Regarding laboratory findings, the reduction of total cholesterol from 5.67 to 5.21 mmol/L and that of LDL cholesterol from 3.18 to 2.83 mmol/L (p<0.001 for both) were of clinical importance. Eighty-five percent of the patients evaluated the way they felt themselves as excellent or improved. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion - Perindopril-amlodipine fixed combination can be administered effectively and safely to a large population of hypertensive patients who do not reach target blood pressure values.]

[A part of patients with the therapy resistant epilepsy can be cured by surgical interventions. The more concordant the presurgical evaluation data, the better prognosis the patient has postoperatively. In case of discordant examination data, multimodal evaluation or case-specific decision might be successful. We report on a five-year-old boy with bilateral (left-dominated) cortical dysplasia and therapy resistant epilepsy. The ictal EEG did not help to localize the seizure onset zone, semiology had little lateralization value; however, FDG-PET showed left hemispherial hypermetabolism. The child became almost seizure-free and showed improved development after left-sided hemispherotomy.]