Despite evidence based institutional protocols being in place in many countries, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a major socio-economic burden with many open questions remaining regarding the optimal management of the affected patients.

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an anomaly of blood vessel formation. Numerous models have been established to understand the nature of AVM.

Additive manufacturing has gained significant traction in industrial applications due to its high potential when it comes to manufacturing objects with complex geometry.

Not only other surgical and robotic fields, but minimally invasive procedures in spine surgery have undergone significant development in recent times. A demand emerged from both surgeons and patients to develop and perform these types of surgeries in order to prevent biomechanical and surgical complications.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is crucial for presurgical language mapping in neurosurgery, helping identify eloquent brain regions to preserve during operations. Effective language mapping depends on advanced fMRI acquisition and detailed data analysis to ensure accurate clinical outcomes.