[There is growing interest in the gastroenterology literature towards gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) these days. The prevalence of the disease is much higher than estimated earlier and it frequently appears in atypical forms. Literature data suggests that 30-40% of the individuals suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease. A broad spectrum of presentation of gastroesophageal reflux disease exists, e.g. noncardiac chest-pain, ear-nose-throat symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, dental erosions, chronic cough and hiccups. Atypical forms often cause diagnostic and treatment difficulties. Authors analyze the frequency, morbidity and the pathomechanism of the extraesophageal manifestations, based on self-experience. The main goal of the review is to help to establish the diagnosis of GERD, to recognize its atypical signs and to outline the diagnostic steps to be taken. Most up-to-date treatment strategies are also presented. By the demonstration of interesting cases, authors emphasize the diagnostic importance of intragastric pH-monitoring.]

[INTRODUCTION - Vasculitis is an inflammatory disorder of the vessels, often associates with necrosis. The primary (idiopathic) form caused by distinct immunological mechanisms, the secondary form caused by infection, tumor, drugs or systemic autoimmune disease. CASE REPORT - 57-year-old smoking female patient with a medical history of the left ankle fracture. Four days earlier had sore throat, at admission was febrile and generally weak and had severe pain in her lower extremities. Physical examination revealed numerous livid alterations in both lower extremities, necrotic change of some toes and new onset of diastolic hypertension. Elevated serum transaminase levels, severe thrombopenia, anemia, leukocytosis suggested the possibility of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and vasculitis. Tests ruled out septic embolism, therefore we applied high dose steroid treatment and plasma exchange. Meanwhile the results fulfilled the classification criteria of polyarteritis nodosa (vasculitis, livedo reticularis, polyneuropathia and new onset of diastolic hypertension), accordingly we synchronized the treatment with fractionally administered intravenous cyclophosphamide. The process revealed responsive to therapy and the substantive function of the legs remained after surgical removal of the necrotic areas. CONCLUSIONS - Early rapid diagnosis of vasculitis is fundamental and we emphasize the significance of the efficient treatment.]

[INTRODUCTION - Vasculitis is an inflammatory disorder of the vessels, often associates with necrosis. The primary (idiopathic) form caused by distinct immunological mechanisms, the secondary form caused by infection, tumor, drugs or systemic autoimmune disease. CASE REPORT - 57-year-old smoking female patient with a medical history of the left ankle fracture. Four days earlier had sore throat, at admission was febrile and generally weak and had severe pain in her lower extremities. Physical examination revealed numerous livid alterations in both lower extremities, necrotic change of some toes and new onset of diastolic hypertension. Elevated serum transaminase levels, severe thrombopenia, anemia, leukocytosis suggested the possibility of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and vasculitis. Tests ruled out septic embolism, therefore we applied high dose steroid treatment and plasma exchange. Meanwhile the results fulfilled the classification criteria of polyarteritis nodosa (vasculitis, livedo reticularis, polyneuropathia and new onset of diastolic hypertension), accordingly we synchronized the treatment with fractionally administered intravenous cyclophosphamide. The process revealed responsive to therapy and the substantive function of the legs remained after surgical removal of the necrotic areas. CONCLUSIONS - Early rapid diagnosis of vasculitis is fundamental and we emphasize the significance of the efficient treatment.]