[Objective - The purpose of our communication was to determine the total cost of cerebral paretic patients in Hungary between 0 and 18 years and to assess their impact on the national budget. Methods - Based on the data of Borsod county we calculated the CP characteristics. The cost of CP was determined by routine care of individuals. Lost Parental Income and Tax were calculated on the basis of average earnings. The ratio of GDP, Health and Social Budget and Health Budget to CP is based on CP annual average cost and frequency. We have developed a repeatable computational model. Results - Of the risk groups, premature birth (30.97%), low birth weight (29.64%), perinatal asphyxia (19.47%) were the most common. Source is unknown of 37.61% of the cases. CP prevalence was 2.1‰. The two-sided (59.7%) and the one-sided (19.0%) spastic pareses dominated. The most serious form is the two-sided spastic paresis (42.5% GMFCS 3-5 degrees). Epilepsy was 22.0%, incontinence was 27%, mental involvement was 46%. Care for one child up to 18 years of age costs an average of 73 million HUF (€ 251,724). The lost family income was 27.36 million HUF (€ 94,345), and lost tax and health care contributions were 14.46 million HUF (€ 49,862). Additionally, 0.525% of the GDP, 0.88% of the full health and social budget and 1.83% of direct medical costs were spent for CP families. Conclusion - The cost of CP disease is significant. Costs can be reduced by improving primary prevention. From the perspective of the family and government, it is better to care for families so they can take care of their disabled children.]

[Backgroud - Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves placing electrodes within specific deep brain nuclei. For movement disorders the most common indications are tremors, Parkinsons disease and dystonias. Surgeons mostly employ MR imaging for preoperative target selection. MR field geometrical distortion may contribute to target-selection error in the MR scan which can contribute to error in electrode placement. Methods - In this paper we compared the STN target planning coordinates in six parkinsonian DBS patients. Each patient underwent target planning in 1T and 3T MRI. We statistically compared and analysed the target-, and the fiducial coordinates in two different magnetic fileds. Results - The target coordinates showed no significant differences (Mann-Whitney test, p > 0.05), however we found significant difference in fiducial coordinates (p < 0.01), in 3T MRI it was more pronounced (mean ± SD: 0.8 ± 0.3 mm) comparing to 1T (mean ± SD: 0.4 ± 0.2 mm). Conclusion - Preliminary results showed no significant differences in planning of target coordinates comparing 1T to 3T magnetic fields.]

[Authors removed pyelic stones from a pelvic dystopic kidney by percutaneous nephrolithotomy with laparoscopic controll. Dislocation of the bowels was assured with forceps inserted through a separate laparoscopic trocar, thus the transabdominal operation was avoidable. ]

[INTRODUCTION - The leading role of laparoscopy in the surgical treatment of functional diseases of the gastro-esophageal junction has become indisputable. But has the time of the “classic”, open surgical interventions really gone for good? PATIENTS AND METHODS - Between January 1., 2000 and December 31., 2004 we performed hiatal reconstruction and antireflux plastics for 186 patients. 83.3% (155/186) of the operations was performed laparoscopically, while 16.7% (31/186) with the traditional approach. The average age of patients was 46.9 years, 7% of the operations was performed on children. In case of recurrent paraoesophageal hernias the surgical plan was drawn up based on the result of the barium swallow X-ray performed after endoscopic clipping of the Z-line. In case of a brachy-esophagus, we formed the neo-esophagus by performing the Collis-Nissen operation modified by us (Neodinium magnet + plastic sliding scale) from the traditional abdominal exposure. RESULTS - The indication for hiatal reconstruction and antireflux operation was sliding hernia in 68.2%, paraesophageal hernia in 17.8% and reflux disease in 14%. We observed signs of panmural esophagitis in 22%, while latent or true brachy-esophagus in 10.7%. Antireflux procedures were grouped as Nissen type operation in 82.7%, Toupet type in 9.67%, Narbona in 2.1%, Belsey-Mark IV in 1.61%, and resection type operation in 3.76%. To narrow the diaphragmatic openings, two sutures were needed in most cases (57.1%). Conversion to laparotomy was necessary in 3.2%. We observed recurrences in 3.3% after laparoscopic interventions. In case of open operations we experienced no recurrences in the studied period. The barium swallow X-ray examination performed after endoscopic clipping of the Z-line could reveal brachy-esophagus before the operation. CONCLUSION - Open surgical interventions can not fall into oblivion even in the age of laparoscopic hiatal reconstructions and antireflux plastics. Open surgical procedures are justified even in the new milennium in cases when the patient's medical history contains upper abdominal operations - due to an increased risk of injury because of adhesions -,in cases of primarily recurrent paraesophageal hernias after an unsuccessful open and/or laparoscopic reconstruction, as well as in cases of reflux with complications.]

[The successful development of laparoscopic surgery has made it possible to treat of inguinal hernias endoscopically. The technique is based on the principle of preperitoneal inguinal herniorrhaphy and is performed by internal dissection of the musculofascial defect. Mersilene mesh is placed into the defect and fixed with a special stapler to obliterate the space, and then the edges of the peritoneum are reapproximated. As the history of laparoscopic herniorrhaphy is rather short, long term follow-up data are not yet available. A review of the literature and the authors' initial experience indicate that the method is promising. Details of the surgical technique are presented.]