BECHER Péter1, PATAI Árpád2, MÁJER Katalin3
NOVEMBER 20, 2009
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2009;19(11)
[In the past decades, the prevention of micro- and macrovascular complications has been the main target of diabetes treatment. On the basis of the latest publications that have created a storm we have to highlight the associations between diabetes mellitus, its treatment protocols and tumours. Analysing the often controversial human results, in the absence of relevant prospective studies, we have to consider preclinical observations to choose a safe treatment method.]
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[The basic principles of the treatment of severe infections have recently been delineated : after having samples for microbiological tests, empiric therapy based on local resistance patterns should be introduced immediately, possibly within 1 hour in severe sepsis or in septic shock, the empiric therapy should be simplified according to the results of microbiological tests and/or improvement of the condition of patient , the antibiotics should be applied according to their pharmacodynamic properties, the duration of therapy should be shortened to the minimum time, in case of well responding non-complicated infection to 5-7 days., The most frequent problem pathogens in Hungary are the MRSA and ESBL-producing Gram-negatives. In severe infections with MRSA bacteremia, the therapy sholud be based on the vancomycin MIC of the pathogen. If MIC is below 1,5 mg/l, vancomycin is probably effective with a serum minimum concentration of 15 mg/l, while in case of less sensitive pathogens the administration of an alternative agent, such as linezolid, tigecyclin or daptomycin should be considered. In severe infections due to ESBL-producing pathogens, the carbapenems are the firts line antibiotics, while tigecyclin seems to be a promising alternative agent. The treatment of severe infections requires thorough care of the patient and skillnes in antimicrobial therapy in the period of multiresistant pathogens]
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[INTRODUCTION - Until recently, only the proximal small bowel was accessible for diagnostic or therapeutic endoscopy. A new method, doubleballoon enteroscopy (DBE), provides high-resolution imaging and enables both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in all segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Our aim was to report our experiences with the Fujinon EN-450 T5 therapeutic double-balloon endoscope and compare our findings with the results of earlier capsule endoscopy where this was available. METHODS - Between August 2005 and July 2009, 150 DBE procedures were conducted in 139 consecutive patients (M/F: 67/72, age: 51.1±18.6 years) who presented at our tertiary referral hospital. The examination was performed via the oral route in 112 patients, via the anal route in 16 patients, and via both routes in 11 patients. DBE was indicated due to obscure gastrointestinal bleeding in most cases (83), due to diagnosis or complication of IBD in 29 cases and due to polyposis syndrome or suspected neoplasia in 25 patients. In one patient we performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All procedures were performed using i.v. anaesthesia at our outpatient clinic. After the procedure, the patients were monitored in a recovery room for at least four hours. The results of previous capsule endoscopy were available in 27 patients. RESULTS - Small-bowel abnormalities ? mostly angiodysplasias, minor erosions or ulcers ? were detected in 50 (60.2%) of the patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Malignancy was found in 7,2% (6/83) of the patients who were examined because of bleeding (three gastrointestinal stoma tumour, one non-Hodgkin lymphoma, one previously undetected melanoma metastasis and one pancreatic adenomacarcinoma that involved the duodenum) Intervention was performed in 24 patients. IBD was diagnosed in five (38.5%) of the 13 patients in whom the disease was suspected. In patients with known Crohn-disease, DBE was indicated on the basis of the extent, behaviour and activity of the disease. Polypectomy was performed in eight patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome, whereas small-bowel adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in four patients. The concordance between the findings of capsule endoscopy and DBE was 51.8% (14/27), and in one patient DBE revealed malignancy that has not been detected by endoscopy. The average insertion length during the procedure was approximately 213 cm (range 50-480 cm, SD 111). CONCLUSIONS - On the basis of our results, DBE is a safe and useful method for assessing and treating small bowel disease, even if capsule endoscopy is contraindicated due to suspected strictures.]
LAM Extra for General Practicioners
[Diabetic foot syndrome is a characteristic late complication of diabetes mellitus. It can develop in patients with type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in case of a long duration of diabetes and sustained poor metabolic state. Diabetic neuropathy plays a pivotal role in the pathomechanism, but vascular symptoms might also contribute to the complex clinical picture. For making the diagnosis, evaluation of complaints, performing physical examination and using simple tests for identifying both distal, somatosensory neuropathy and potential angiopathy are of great importance. Therapeutic approaches aim to achieve proper glycaemic control, as well as to ameliorate symptoms of neuropathy, improve peripheral blood supply by medicines, angioplasty or intervention radiological methods, fight against infections and off-load the foot. Surgical intervention might also be necessary, and in severe cases, amputation might be needed. The diabetic foot syndrome increases mortality risk in patients with diabetes. Complaints related to diabetic foot syndrome are often resistant to treatment and tend to recur. Thus, prevention with long-term, good metabolic control and protection of the foot are of particular importance.]
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[INTRODUCTION - Diabetic macroangiopathy is one of the most prevalent complications of chronic diabetes mellitus. In Hungary, diabetic foot diseases and atherosclerosis are the most common causes of lower limb amputations. In this paper, we aim to present the correlations between the ankle-brachial index in patients with diabetes mellitus, and risk factors such as HbA1c levels, smoking and gender, in order to prevent atherosclerosis and to facilitate its rapid diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS - Ankle-brachial index (ABI) of diabetic patients was measured and statistically analysed. Our goal was to determine potential correlations between ABI and the three above mentioned risk factors. The study population consisted of patients with a known history of diabetes mellitus (n=65) who visited the general practitioner's office between July 2015 and September 2016. RESULTS - 47.69% of patients exhibited a pathological ankle-brachial index. The ankle-brachial index showed a statistically significant correlation with gender (p=0,054). There was no significant correlation between the ankle-brachial index and smoking (p=0.838) or between the ankle-brachial index and HbA1c levels (p=0.430). CONCLUSION - Our research suggests that primary care physicians should regularly assess the ankle-brachial index in diabetic patients as preclinical atherosclerosis is frequently present in this population. Regular screening can facilitate early diagnosis and reduce the risk of severe macrovascular complications.]
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[GOALS - Diabetes mellitus is considered as a risk factor concerning surgical interventions as well. Connection between incisional abdominal hernias and diabetes mellitus were investigated in this prospective four years study. The primary aim was to evaluate the proportion of recurrencies, the secondary aim was determining the ratio of surgical complications in the investigated two groups (Group I: non diabetic, group II: diabetic patients). PATIENTS AND METHOD - The results of the incisional and abdominal hernia operations performed between 01. 01. 2011. and 31. 12. 2014. were investigated. Data for study was gained from the consecutively and obligatorily registered database of the authors’ institution. The type of reconstruction, elective or acute character of surgery, primary or recidive operation, the patients’ body mass index (BMI), as well as among complications the seroma and fistula formations, the reoperations and postoperative infections were registered. Patients with type I and type II diabetes mellitus were not differentiated. The HgbA1c was investigated separately in elective and acute operations. RESULTS - There were 56 (8.94%) diabetic patients (39 male, 17 women, avr. age 54.3 years) out of all 626 patients operated on incisional and/or abdominals wall hernias. Total recurrency rate was 19.6% during the average 32 months (6-66 months) follow-up period. The recurrency rate in diabetic patients was 50.0% (48.7% in women, 52.9% in men). Non-diabetic patients’ recurrency ratio were only 8.3% (11.2% and 5.4% in men and women, respectively). Median BMI is significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in those of non diabetics (35.4kg/m2 vs 27.75kg/2). Ratio of the elective and acute operations were 69.6% and 28.6%, respectively. The most frequently used operations technique was the direct transversal abdominal wall suture (14.3%) and the direct suture plus synthetic mesh implantation (64.3%). Eleven (19.7%) diabetic patients with incisional hernia were reconstructed with a so-called autologous tension free dermal flap. In 2 (18.2%) out of 11 patients were registered recurrency. Seroma and haematoma formation was occured in four patient (36.4%) and in one (9.1%), respectively after dermal flap reconstructions. Mean recurrency time after surgery in non-diabetic and in diabetic patients was 12.3 months and 9.2 months, respectively. The average HgbA1c level was significantly higher (8.1% in electively operated patients than in those acutly operated ones (9.8%). There were two lethal (0.36%) postoperative complications in this study. CONCLUSION - Considering the recurrency ratio of the incisional hernias and the postoperative complications, diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor compared the data to non-diabetic patients. Seroma and haematoma formations, postoperative complications ratio are significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in those of non-diabetic. Appearance of recurrencies require significantly shorter time in patients with diabetes mellitus The rate of recidive and postoperative complication after the autolog, dermal, traction free abdominal wall reconstructions made by authors was lower, than in abdominal hernias reconstructed in other ways (direct suture, direct suture plus xenograft).]
Hypertension and nephrology
[In this report we describe a patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with diabetes mellitus. The 44-year-old patient was seen by us for the first time when she was 5 years old in 1972, as a member of a family with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with other congenital renal diseases. Surveying five generations by family history we found in four genarations (supported with investigations in three genarations) five patients suffering from the combination of renal tubular acidosis, polycystic kidney disease and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was confirmed with blood and urine osmolality measurements performed during water deprivation as well as during administration of synthetic vasopressins. Renal tubular acidosis was confirmed with blood and urine gas analysis and bicarbonate and acid loadings. Polycystic kidney disease was diagnosed with physical findings, imaging and in the case of a deceased patient by necropsy. The autosomal dominant trait was obvious in the family characteristic to the distal renal tubular acidosis and polycystic kidney disease. The clinical picture was dominated by the polydipsia and polyuria. Significant interindividual differences were found in vazopressin resistance responsible for the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In our patient metabolic syndrome (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, abnormal lipid and uric acid levels) and disturbances in calcium metabolism (nephrolithiasis and osteomalacia) were associated with renal disorders. The 39 year long observation period (with some discontinuations) the patient was treated almost without pauses with bicarbonate, desmopressin, thiazide, NSAIDs supplemented with the administration of vitamin D3, antidiabetics etc. Despite of the listed and other diseases the patient’s mood is quite good, her physical condition is relatively satisfactory while she is working regularly physically.]
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[The stages of abnormal albuminuria are microand macroalbuminuria. The isolated abnormal albuminuria is a special form of proteinuria. For the detection of abnormal albuminuria one can use immunological or liquid chromatographic methods. The latter seems to be more appropriate than the immunological methods for the measurement of albuminuria in normo- and microalbuminuric diabetic patients. In diabetes mellitus, the circulating glycated and oxidized albumin is degraded and eliminated in the kidney. Decrease of the glomerular filtration rate is a valuable measure of renal insufficiency and this loss of kidney function is followed by the decrease of albuminuria as a sign of the glomerular closure. Albuminuria is an important cardiovascular risk factor and the decrease of the abnormal albuminuria is associated with a diminishing cardiovascular risk. Thus, albuminuria is a cardiovascular therapeutic target, as well. Therefore, the major points of the management of diabetic albuminuria are the achievement of euglycaemia, the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers.]
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Clinical Neuroscience
Alexithymia is associated with cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease2.
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[We do not know that the phenotype of the coronavirus would have changed]5.
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[Teleconsultations in general practice during coronavirus epidemiological emergency]
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