[BRONCHUS ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE LYMPHOMA]
HERTEL Katalin, ZSIRAY Miklós, SOLTÉSZ Ibolya
SEPTEMBER 15, 2006
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2006;16(08-09)
HERTEL Katalin, ZSIRAY Miklós, SOLTÉSZ Ibolya
SEPTEMBER 15, 2006
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2006;16(08-09)
[INTRODUCTION - Primary lymphomas rarely occur in the lung. CASE REPORT - The authors present the case of an asymptomatic 61-year-old man. The patient was identified on routine chest X-ray having a streak infiltrate in the upper lobe of the right lung, which did not respond to antibiotics. On histological examination of the bronchoscopic specimen BALT- (bronchus associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma was presumed. Since staging showed the disease to be localized, lobectomy was performed. The patient is symptom-free 16 months after surgery and there is no relapse. CONCLUSION - Although BALT-lymphomas are of low-grade malignancy in most of the cases, relapses can develop in the original organ or in other extra-nodal locations years later and BALTlymphomas may also transform into large-cell lymphomas of more aggressive behaviour.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The history of the treatment of pituitary adenomas that cause acromegaly is as long as that of neurosurgery. While in the first half of the past century the aim of surgery was to save the patient's life, later the radical removal of the tumour was coupled with an effort to decrease complications, morbidity and mortality to the minimum. Today, beside all these, the complete sparing of the remaining hypophyseal substance and restoration of normal pituitary function are also important goals. The achievement of these goals is efficiently served by recent advances in microscopy, the minimally invasive methods of craniotomy, the availability of endoscopy in neurosurgery, three-dimensional computerguided neuronavigation, intraoperative colour Doppler sonography, as well as intraoperative real-time MRI. Recent developments in pharmacological research have created new promising conservative treatment modalities that supplement surgery, including somatostatin analogues and growth hormone receptor agonists. Also as supplementary treatment to surgery, occasionally replacing it, new radiosurgical methods, such as stereotaxic radiation, gamma knife, and heavy particle irradiation have gained grounds in neurosurgical practice.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Hyperprolactinaemia is one of the most common endocrine diseases. Besides hypothyroidism- associated hyperprolactinaemia and that arising as a side effect of certain drugs, the most common cause of hyperprolactinaemia is a pituitary microadenoma (<10 mm in diameter) or macroadenoma (≥10 mm) that produces prolactin (prolactinoma). In addition, several physiological conditions can elevate (mostly temporarily) the serum prolactin level, therefore, setting up the precise diagnosis requires careful evaluation of the patient’s history and the laboratory, clinical, and imaging findings. Moreover, macroprolactinaemia, which is usually not a pituitary tumour-related disease, should also be ruled out. Prolactinomas represent the most common form of functioning pituitary adenomas, accounting for 30-40% of such tumours. The typical clinical symptoms of hyperprolactinaemia may be modulated by the mass effect of macroadenomas. In women the disease typically manifests as menstrual disturbance of various degree, including primary or secondary amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, short luteal phase, infertility and galactorrhoea. In men reduced libido, impotence, infertility, gynaecomastia and, rarely, galactorrhoea are the typical symptoms. Dopamine agonist therapy is the first choice of treatment. Dopamine agonist therapy (bromocriptine and the recently developed quinagolide and cabergoline) successfully lowers the serum prolactine level in nearly 90% of cases, and, importantly, it also reduces the size of the tumour in the majority of cases. This explains why today surgery and radiotherapy are only used in rare special cases of prolactinoma.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in developed countries. The development of most breast cancers is related to various hormonal effects, while 10% is associated with inherited gene mutations. Most of the primary prevention methods aim at decreasing the effects of hormones, but education on proper lifestyle is also an important risk-lowering method. The primary treatment of early breast cancer is usually breast-conserving surgery, either with the targeted removal of regional lymph nodes (by sentinel lymph node labelling) or with axillary block-dissection. The aim of postoperative radiotherapy is the eradication of the tumour cells left behind. Beside the locoregional tumour control this also plays a role in the prevention of recurrence or a secondary systemic dissemination. Adjuvant systemic treatments are used for the eradication of disseminated microscopic tumour foci. The use of modern adjuvant treatments may reduce death from the disease by up to 50%. The risks of relapse or death may be estimated based on established prognostic factors. While in low-risk patients it is not worth starting medical treatment, especially in view of the side effects, while in other cases chemo- or hormonal therapy may save the patient's life. The choice of the medical treatment should also depend on the patient's general health, the concomittant diseases and her preferences. The collaboration of the various specialists involved in the care of breast cancer patients can best take place at specialised breast centres that are equipped with the necessary technical basis, knowledge and professional experience.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
Hungarian Radiology
[Certain viral infections, gene mutations and immune suppression are likely to play some role in the development of malignant lymphomas. The clinical stage at the time of diagnosis is a decisive factor of prognosis. The evaluation of the nodal and extranodal manifestation of the disease is performed by standardized imaging techniques. Most frequent extranodal manifestation involves the bone marrow, the lung and the gastrointestinal tract. Different imaging techniques are indispensable in monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment and in long term follow up.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[INTRODUCTION - The histological pattern of sarcoidosis and cytological characteristics are similarly unspecific. Nevertheless, both forms of the diagnosis based on morphology can be taken into consideration if the clinical picture and chest X-ray respectively, are fitted and other diseases are excluded. PATIENTS, METHOD AND RESULTS - Enlargement of hilar lymph nodes is present in 80% of cases of sarcoidosis. In this study, transcarinal needle aspiration combined with rapid on-site cytological staining was performed in the case of 33 patients with I. or II. stage of sarcoidosis. The sensitivity was found to be 76%. CONCLUSION - Since the cytologist can inform the bronchologist fairly soon: during the bronchoscopy, bronchial mucosal biopsies or transbronchial lung biopsies are only necessary to obtain in about quarter of patients.]
Hungarian Radiology
[Endobronchial ultrasonography can be performed during conventional bronchofiberoscopy. The main indications are intrathoracic malignancies. Endobronchial ultrasonography has a great signficance in the diagnosis of mediastinal and lung processes and in staging of lung cancer. Endobronchial ultrasound is superior to computed tomography in evaluation of the disorders of tracheal and bronchial wall. The summary about this new modality is based on the international references and the authors’s own experiences.]
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