SAL István1, KOHLNÉ Papp Ildikó1
FEBRUARY 12, 2017
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2017;27(01-02)
[Diabetes is a model disease of behavior therapy. Its treatment is in the hands of patients for the most part, who must make decisions about their treatment every day, which affect their health status, prognosis and risk of developing complications of the disease. This common and complex treatment represents a significant burden for the majority of patients. In practice, a significant number of patients do not follow one or more cornerstones of self-management: physical activity, healthy diet, and use of medication. Based on research results diabetic patients' quality of life and psychological state is significantly worse than those of non-diabetics, which tend to deteriorate the medical collaboration and health status. In addition, certain psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, eating disorders), are also more common, which impair the quality of self-treatment as well. Early detection and treatment is of great importance, but in practice, only 10% of patients get psychological treatment, despite the fact that nearly 40% of them experience psychological symptoms. Based on the above, behavior remedial methods are highly recommended to be applied in the field of diabetes care in order upgrade quality of life, although they are not yet considered as commonly accepted in psychoeducation. Our aim is to summarise the practical and proven methods of behavioral remedies in addition to the literature review. In the case study demonstrate the authors the addition of transtheoretical model. The first order condition of self-management is the adoption of the disease and motivation, afterwards comes the teaching of theoretical and practical knowledge, and the ongoing diabetes education. ]
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[T-test and ANOVA are just special cases of linear models. With these models measured values of a continuous variable (e.g. blood pressure) can be compared in two or more groups (e.g. treatment groups). In real life medical application of the frequentist linear models the data often fail the assumptions (e.g. normality and equal variances) originally needed to derive the mathematical equations and distributions for these models. Bayesian linear models are robust, flexible and transparent analogues and alternatives of the frequentist models. Bayesian statistical models can also be useful, when the data do comply with the prescribed conditions for the t-test or ANOVA. An advantage of the bayesian method is the possible incorporation of any prior knowledge into the models. It must be borne in mind, however, that there are many frequentist methods that can be used even if the distributions are not normal, or in the case of heteroscedasciticy or other model inadequacy as well. It is worth mentioning that even the frequentist Lasso (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) is in near relationship with the Bayesian method, since it is a linear regression method, where the traditional fitting algorithm is modified with a constraint, and some information will be discarded in order to focus on the most relevant coefficients and make the model interpretation easy. Calculations were performed in R, primarily with the BayesFactor package developed by Morey and Rouder in 2015. ]
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Lege Artis Medicinae
[According to both international and national studies the point prevalence of diagnosed major depression requiring treatment is 6-10 percent in general practice. As untreated depression is the most important risk factor for suicide, early detection and effective management of depression (especially depression which predisposes sui-cide) are critical in prevention. According to international and national studies the re-cognition of major depression in primary care significantly contributes to the decline of suicide mortality. In our article we present two short questionnaires used for re-cognising depression and acute suicide risk and we describe their use in family/ general practice. We aim to raise awareness of the need of a systematic, nationwide sui-cide prevention programme which is supported on government level as well. ]
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[The authors review the time of 10 years between 2005-2014 concerning the development of the mortality rate of kidney diseases in Hungary. They’ve compared the Hungarian mortality data with the ones from three other countries, namely Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany. The analyses included kidney diseases originated from hypertension, glomerulonephritis and tubulointerstitial kidney diseases, kidney failure and polycystic kidney diseases. They weren’t concerned about kidney tumors or diabetes originated kidney diseases because of the lack of data concerning the latter. The mortality data were retrieved from the KSH Demography Yearbook and the European Detailed Mortality Data-base (DMDB). The statistically examined causes of death only add up to 1.2% of the total causes of death, but with the aging of the population this proportion will surely grow. During the last 10 years, the mortality of cardiovascular diseases decreased significantly, namely the mortality of ischaemic heart disease and stroke, but the mortality of hypertension increased. These processes can also be seen in Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany. The mortality connected to primal kidney diseases decisively concerns people aged over 70. The glomerular diseases’ standardized rate is significantly higher in Hungary than in the compared countries. The tubulointerstitial kidney diseases’ mortality rate decreased over the last 10 years and we are in the middle of the international field in this regard. During the evaluation of the mortality of kidney diseases it is important to consider that in the statistics every death can only have one cause nominated, which can be (correctly) the basic disease causing the kidney disease or in other cases the kidney disease itself. This problem makes it more difficult to compare data internationally. Only 20-30 patients die of acute kidney disease on a yearly basis which is a low mortality rate even by international standards but the above-mentioned problem still exists. Of all of them the chronic kidney disease is the most significant one and between 2005-2014 the number of deaths and their rate connected to it decreased, but with the aging of the population the morbidity of kidney diseases will surely increase. Analyzing the data of all the primer kidney diseases it can be determined that between 2005-2014 the mortality rate showed a decreasing tendency, so our international situation can be viewed positively. It is important to note though that the mortality of this disease type includes patients of lower average age in Hungary than in the more developed countries. The mortality rate of polycystic kidney disease hasn’t changed significantly during the past 10 years. Although some patients live to many years, the average age of the dead is significantly lower compared to the ones of other kidney disease types. The cases below the age of 1 year of the latter add up to 10%. The comparison between the countries concerning the polycystic kidney disease shows that the standardized mortality rate is higher in Hungary.]
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[In the past decades, the prevention of micro- and macrovascular complications has been the main target of diabetes treatment. On the basis of the latest publications that have created a storm we have to highlight the associations between diabetes mellitus, its treatment protocols and tumours. Analysing the often controversial human results, in the absence of relevant prospective studies, we have to consider preclinical observations to choose a safe treatment method.]
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[GOALS - Diabetes mellitus is considered as a risk factor concerning surgical interventions as well. Connection between incisional abdominal hernias and diabetes mellitus were investigated in this prospective four years study. The primary aim was to evaluate the proportion of recurrencies, the secondary aim was determining the ratio of surgical complications in the investigated two groups (Group I: non diabetic, group II: diabetic patients). PATIENTS AND METHOD - The results of the incisional and abdominal hernia operations performed between 01. 01. 2011. and 31. 12. 2014. were investigated. Data for study was gained from the consecutively and obligatorily registered database of the authors’ institution. The type of reconstruction, elective or acute character of surgery, primary or recidive operation, the patients’ body mass index (BMI), as well as among complications the seroma and fistula formations, the reoperations and postoperative infections were registered. Patients with type I and type II diabetes mellitus were not differentiated. The HgbA1c was investigated separately in elective and acute operations. RESULTS - There were 56 (8.94%) diabetic patients (39 male, 17 women, avr. age 54.3 years) out of all 626 patients operated on incisional and/or abdominals wall hernias. Total recurrency rate was 19.6% during the average 32 months (6-66 months) follow-up period. The recurrency rate in diabetic patients was 50.0% (48.7% in women, 52.9% in men). Non-diabetic patients’ recurrency ratio were only 8.3% (11.2% and 5.4% in men and women, respectively). Median BMI is significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in those of non diabetics (35.4kg/m2 vs 27.75kg/2). Ratio of the elective and acute operations were 69.6% and 28.6%, respectively. The most frequently used operations technique was the direct transversal abdominal wall suture (14.3%) and the direct suture plus synthetic mesh implantation (64.3%). Eleven (19.7%) diabetic patients with incisional hernia were reconstructed with a so-called autologous tension free dermal flap. In 2 (18.2%) out of 11 patients were registered recurrency. Seroma and haematoma formation was occured in four patient (36.4%) and in one (9.1%), respectively after dermal flap reconstructions. Mean recurrency time after surgery in non-diabetic and in diabetic patients was 12.3 months and 9.2 months, respectively. The average HgbA1c level was significantly higher (8.1% in electively operated patients than in those acutly operated ones (9.8%). There were two lethal (0.36%) postoperative complications in this study. CONCLUSION - Considering the recurrency ratio of the incisional hernias and the postoperative complications, diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor compared the data to non-diabetic patients. Seroma and haematoma formations, postoperative complications ratio are significantly higher in patients with diabetes than in those of non-diabetic. Appearance of recurrencies require significantly shorter time in patients with diabetes mellitus The rate of recidive and postoperative complication after the autolog, dermal, traction free abdominal wall reconstructions made by authors was lower, than in abdominal hernias reconstructed in other ways (direct suture, direct suture plus xenograft).]
Hypertension and nephrology
[In this report we describe a patient with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with diabetes mellitus. The 44-year-old patient was seen by us for the first time when she was 5 years old in 1972, as a member of a family with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with other congenital renal diseases. Surveying five generations by family history we found in four genarations (supported with investigations in three genarations) five patients suffering from the combination of renal tubular acidosis, polycystic kidney disease and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was confirmed with blood and urine osmolality measurements performed during water deprivation as well as during administration of synthetic vasopressins. Renal tubular acidosis was confirmed with blood and urine gas analysis and bicarbonate and acid loadings. Polycystic kidney disease was diagnosed with physical findings, imaging and in the case of a deceased patient by necropsy. The autosomal dominant trait was obvious in the family characteristic to the distal renal tubular acidosis and polycystic kidney disease. The clinical picture was dominated by the polydipsia and polyuria. Significant interindividual differences were found in vazopressin resistance responsible for the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In our patient metabolic syndrome (diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, abnormal lipid and uric acid levels) and disturbances in calcium metabolism (nephrolithiasis and osteomalacia) were associated with renal disorders. The 39 year long observation period (with some discontinuations) the patient was treated almost without pauses with bicarbonate, desmopressin, thiazide, NSAIDs supplemented with the administration of vitamin D3, antidiabetics etc. Despite of the listed and other diseases the patient’s mood is quite good, her physical condition is relatively satisfactory while she is working regularly physically.]
[INTRODUCTION - Data on bone mineral density (BMD) in diabetes mellitus are contradictory in the literature. Early studies described a decreased bone mineral density in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but recent studies report no osteopenia in T1DM.The BMD may depend on the quality of treatment for diabetes mellitus and on the presence of chronic complications. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) the BMD is not decreased, occasionally it can even be increased. PATIENTS AND METHODS - Bone mineral density was measured in 122 regularly controlled diabetic patients (T1DM: n=73, mean age: 43.6±11.1 years,T2DM: n=49, mean age: 61.8±9.8 years) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine and at the femur. Results were compared to those of 40 metabolically healthy control persons with a mean age of 47.5±11.9 years.The patients’ carbohydrate metabolism was assessed by the average HbA1c level of the last three years.These values were 7.9±1.4 % in T1DM, and 7.5±1.7 % in T2DM. BMDs were classified based on the T-score and Z-score using the WHO criteria. RESULTS - There was no significant difference in T1DM or in T2DM compared to the reference group in the prevalence of either osteoporosis or of osteoporosis and osteopenia combined. CONCLUSION - BMD was not found to be decreased in patients with well-controlled metabolism compared to healthy controls.]
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[Sulfonylureas, used as base therapy in type 2 diabetes, specifically block ATP-dependent potassium channels (K+ ATP). While in pancreatic beta cells these channels have an essential role in insulin release, they are also involved in cardiovascular adaptive mechanisms. Ion channels with similar morphology may have different pathophysiological effects in the human body. This raises the question, is it necessary to count with some damage to the cardiovascular protective mechanism when using sulfonylurea to induce insulin secretion. Is this indeed a relevant clinical problem today? The answer may lay in the different organ-specific effects of sulfonylureas.]
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