[INTRODUCTION - The radial sclerosing lesion is one of the most common benign breast lesions. It can mimic malignant tumours on mammogram in many cases. In one third of the cases invasive tumour or in situ carcinoma occur in radial sclerosing lesion, therefore surgical excision is mandatory. The aim of our work is to diagnose the malignant cases with preoperative biopsy (FNAB, core biopsy) when radial scar morphology lesion is detected in order to avoid two-step surgical procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS - Forty-five patients were examined with the same method. In all cases of radial sclerosing morphology lesions a mammography, complementary radiograms, ultrasonography (US) and synchronous US guided FNAB and core biopsy were performed. Postoperative pathological findings were compared to the results of preoperative biopsies. RESULTS - In 6 of 45 cases (13%) malignant tumours mimicked radial scar in morphology. All of them were diagnosed preoperatively with core biopsy (B5). The FNAB was nondiagnostic (C1) in 2 patients, suspicious for malignancy (C4) in 2 patients and was positive in 2 cases (C5). Radial scars or complex sclerosing lesions were diagnosed in 39 patients preoperatively. In 28 cases (72%), malignancy was not detected with postoperative pathological examination. In 8 cases (20%) DCIS and, in 3 cases (8%), malignant tumours were found associated to radial scar. Neither FNAB nor core biopsy gave false positive results in the non-malignant group. In the patients with DCIS associated to radial scar, core biopsy proved malignancy in 5 cases and FNAB in only 1 case. In 3 cases of invasive malignant tumour associated with radial scar core biopsy was positive in 1 patient, while FNAB was negative or non-diagnostic in all of them. CONCLUSION - According to the latest publications vacuum- assisted large-core needle biopsy (VLNB) performed with 11G needle (12) is the safest procedure to justify or exclude malignancy in the radial scar. Observation would be enough in the non-malignant cases and this procedure has therapeutic potential as well. In case where these methods are not available, as in Hungary, all radial scar cases require surgical excision. Therefore, preoperative core biopsy is recommended in order to avoid a two-step surgical procedure.]

[INTRODUCTION - The authors’ purpose was to analyse the role of abdominal ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). They have compared the sensitivity of the current standard diagnostic modalities for this clinical entity: plain abdominal radiography and abdominal US. For a more objective comparison, they created an US scale along with utilising the score system based on abdominal radiography which was published recently. PATIENTS AND METHODS - 46 out of 76 neonates having both clinical and radiological diagnosis of NEC had comparable radiographic and sonographic examinations between June 2006 and October 2009. The authors created a 10-grade US score system, in which sonographic signs of NEC are listed in order of severity, corresponding, where possible with the radiographic scale that was available. The findings were scored individually, then the distribution of scores and their relationship to each other were analysed. For further analysis four groups of severity based on the scores were created with the following categories: mild, moderate, severe and very severe. After graphical representation of the groups, the relationship of the groups created on the basis of scoring the findings by the two diagnostic methods were examined. RESULTS - According to this analysis both abdominal radiographs and sonographs are suitable for diagnosing NEC, which has been justified with statistical data. When analysing the severity groups the authors proved that the two methods diverge in judging groups 3 and 4, thus severe and very severe. The distributions of severity groups formed by the two imaging modalities are different, (P<0,01); and the proportion of group 3 and group 4 is different in case of US and radiographic examinations (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS - Abdominal sonography and radiography are equally suitable diagnostic methods for diagnosing NEC, and the two methods match each other very well. In cases of mild state, the severity of the disease was found to be the same with both methods, but US allows more sensitive differentiation of serious cases. It is very sensitive in detecting perforations, so it could play a role in determining the indication of surgery.]

[Currently, Cotrel-Dubousset spondylodesis is the treatment of choice in orthopaedics. It allows for correction of deformity in three-dimensions allowing for stable fixation. EOS (Extended Orthopedic System) is an ultra low dose X-ray imaging system, simultaneously acquiring images of the whole body in two planes. Examinations with the EOS system is not only indicated in cases related to orthopaedics but in multiple other conditions owing to its low level of emitted radiation with rapid and cost-effective imaging. The importance of EOS examination is emphasized in systemic skeletal disorders, thus allowing itt o be used in various other clinical fields.]

[Constipation is a very common problem in childhood with diverse etiology. Most of the cases can be attributed to functional constipation. The types of chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) are as follows: slow colonic transit, functional fecal retention, combination of the two and constipation which is predominant in irritable bowel syndrome. The first step in diagnosing/treating the condition should involve the exclusion of primary organic causes, as well as metabolic, neurological and iatrogenic ones. Then special anorectal physiological investigations are needed. In our laboratory, the aim of radionuclide study is to demonstrate the two types of CIC, the slow colon transit (SCT) and the functional fecal retention (FFR). Such evaluation makes it easier for the clinician to plan appropriate treatment. The radionuclide study is conducted as follows: after adequate pretreatment, Tc-99m Fyton is administered orally, and images are collected at 2, 6, 12, 24, 30 and 48 hours following administration. After the evaluation of the specific studies, exploration of the causes and exact diagnosis are established. Appropriate treatment is always planned individually. We would like to demonstrate this by presenting 3 cases.]