[Multiple interactions between heat shock proteins and innate immunity]
PROHÁSZKA Zoltán, FÜST György
AUGUST 20, 2003
Hungarian Immunology - 2003;2(04)
PROHÁSZKA Zoltán, FÜST György
AUGUST 20, 2003
Hungarian Immunology - 2003;2(04)
[Heat-shock proteins play essential roles in all living cells and their structure is highly conserved during evolution. Their expression is up-regulated in response to diverse stress stimuli and HSPs may function as a marker of danger. There are multiple processes in innate immunity to recognize HSP. Due to their strong recognition and conserved nature HSPs are immunodominant antigens in most of the bacterial infections and are therefore frequently key players in infection induced autoimmunity. The antigenic picture of HSPs is coded in the immunological homunculus in mammalian organisms and the maintenance of regulating autoimmunity protects against self-damaging processes.]
Hungarian Immunology
[Authors describe the essentials of the cellular immunity of Drosophila. They describe the Drosophila CD system, the main blood cell lineages and a blood cell differentiation model based on the expression of the CD antigens.]
Hungarian Immunology
[It is known for long that the complement system present in blood and other body fluids is able to kill pathogenic microbes as a result of activation. It is also well-known that certain complement components enhance phagocytosis by opsonizing foreign substances. In addition to these roles, recent experimental results point to novel functions of certain complement proteins/receptors, namely to their contribution to the development and regulation of the adaptive response and their capacity to influence the interaction between the innate and the adaptive immune systems. During these processes certain proteins of the complement system recognise non-self structures and distinguish them from the body’s own constituents/cells. This step initiates the activation of the cascade generating several biologically active molecules, which then regulate various immune reactions.]
Hungarian Immunology
[The prevailing theories of immune recognition for over 50 years were based on the idea that the immune system functions by discriminating self and nonself. Since the self-nonself theories failed to explain a number of immune phenomena new models were suggested, such as the ”infectious nonself” and the ”danger” models. The review outlines and compares these models of immune recognition.]
Hungarian Immunology
[Pathogen-associated molecular pattern of bacteria is determined by a molecular complementarity between the host and the microorganism. The process of pathogenesis is initiated through recognition of bacterial components or products by receptor molecules of the host organism. Constant structural components like the lipopolysaccharide in Gramnegative and lipotheichoic acid in Gram-positive bacteria are recognised by receptor molecules present in a wide range of host species, and in this way they elicit interactions and pathologic processes generally present in bacterial infections. At the same time accessorial components (adhesins, capsular material) or extracellular products (exotoxins, enzymes) mediate specific interactions which determine host species or organ specificity according to the molecular structure of the virulence factor and the specific host/organ receptor. The pathogen-associated molecular pattern is subject to changes as genom plasticity in bacteria allows evolution of virulence through recombinations and pathoadaptive mutations. Actual expression of accessorial virulence factors is frequently governed by complicated regulatory mechanisms as an adaptative response to environmental stimuli present in the host.]
Hungarian Immunology
[The family of Toll-like receptors are currently one of the most intensively studied group of proteins in immunology. Their ligands include a wide range of microbe-derived molecules, they are expressed on a number leukocyte populations and regulate immune responses very efficiently. In this review we characterize known common and individual signaling pathways of the receptor family and their interference with effects of other receptors, and describe the outcome of TLR signaling on the level of the cells and the organism.]
Clinical Neuroscience
Evidence suggests that pathogen-associated pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptors, TLRs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. TLRs are important in both peripheral immune responses and neuronal plasticity. However, the relationship between peripheral TLR expression and regional brain volumes is unknown in schizophrenia. We therefore assessed 30 drug-naïve, first-episode patients with schizophrenia. TLR4+/TLR1+ monocytes were measured using flow-cytometry. High resolution magnetic resonance images (T1 MRI) were obtained and analyzed with FreeSurfer. Results revealed significant negative correlations between the percentage of TLR4+ monocytes, mean fluorescent intensities, and brain volumes in frontal and anterior cingulate regions. The measures of TLR1+ monocytes did not show significant relationships with regional brain volumes. These results raise the possibility that abnormal TLR-activation is associated with decreased brain volumes in schizophrenia.
[Studies performed in the past few years have confirmed that vitamin D is essential for maintaining the optimal immune defense, and its immunomodulatory effect has a role in the defense against infections as well. A lot of data suggest that low serum 25-(OH)-D concentration is associated with an increased frequency of certain infections and it adversely influences pathological processes. Data on this adverse effect are available mostly in case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respiratory viral infections in general, HIV, hepatitis C and sepsis. The outcomes of severe infections are usually influenced by a number of factors and it seems that vitamin D deficiency is one of those factors that shift the process towards an unfavourable outcome. Further studies should evaluate the significance of this role and the influence of vitamin D supplementation on pathological processes.]
Hungarian Immunology
[Authors describe the essentials of the cellular immunity of Drosophila. They describe the Drosophila CD system, the main blood cell lineages and a blood cell differentiation model based on the expression of the CD antigens.]
Hungarian Immunology
[Toll-like receptors have been extensively studied in the last few years. These receptors are involved in the mechanisms how microbes and infections are linked to natural immunity and some autoimmune-inflammatory processes. Here author reviews the latest news on Tolllike receptors with much emphasis on their role on epithelial cells. Therapeutic strategies targeting Toll-like receptors are also discussed.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Depression and anxiety disorders are major problems both in psychiatric and in general practice because of their frequency and recurring character. Owing to their common complications (suicide, suicide attempts, secondary alcoholism / drug disease, increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality, loss of work, social isolation, etc.) they are the cause of significant individual, family and social burdens. In our paper we review the clinically revealable suicide risk and protective factors that can be observed in depression and anxiety disorders as well as the main aspects of the recognition and care of suicidal patients. With available medicines and non-pharmacological therapies, the vast majority of depressive and anxiety patients can be successfully treated and in most cases we can prevent suicidal behavior associated with these diseases. Besides psychiatrists general practitioners as well play a significant role in preventing suicidal behavior and in the recognition of suicide risk. ]
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Retinal morphological changes during the two years of follow-up in Parkinson’s disease4.
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