[Adrenal insufficiency has a complex relevance in oncology. On one hand, malignant tumors warranting treatment might develop in patients suffering from adrenal insufficiency, on the other hand, adrenal insufficiency might appear due to the progression of malignant tumor or to its therapy. During the progression of oncological disease, bilateral adrenal or very rarely pituitary metastases could result in adrenal insufficiency. Novel immune-checkpoint inhibitors, opioids and long-term glucocorticoid treatment can all lead to adrenal insufficiency. It is very important to recognize and to know the treatment of adrenal insufficiency, as failure of treating adrenal insufficiency might be related to severe, even fatal consequences. In this review, these clinically relevant fields are presented.]

[Over the past decade next-generation sequencing has led to the in-depth understanding of the molecular background and driving mechanisms in most types of cancer. Parallel to the technological advances, novel targeted therapies have become available for oncology patients. As a result of this process, molecular diagnostics is now one of the main cornerstones of precision medicine with predictive biomarkers aiding patient care in oncology. In addition to standard monogenic testings, recently multigene testing methods based on next-generation sequencing came into view, supporting targeted therapeutic decisions and personalized medicine. In this review, we aim to depict the most important professional aspects related to the reasonable application of next-generation sequencing and the interpretation of its results.]

[Both, the inhibition of angiogenesis and the influence of immune-mediated processes play significantly growing role in non-surgical treatment of tumors. Neoangiogenesis of neoplasmas adversely affects the function of the immune system, so its inhibition enhances the action of T-lymphocytes and other factors that support their function, favorably affects the microenvironment of the tumor, while treatment with immune signaling sites helps to normalize the vascular system. Influencing those two targeting points together may have a beneficial effect. Authors present that the combined use of agents having those two targets in renal cell carcinoma, melanoma malignum, non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatocellular and breast cancer noting that successful phase III studies have been performed predominantly in clear cell (or tumor that also contains a clear cell component) carcinomas. The authors emphasize that immunotherapy usually requires the detection of susceptibility-predicting parameters (corresponding PD-L1, MSI-H, dMMR, TMB-H) and that registered indications should be considered in addition to the therapeutic philosophy of tumor agnostic treatment.]

[Short non-protein-coding repetitive regions consisting of 1-6 bp sequences are called microsatellites. Failure in DNA polymerase activity during replication may lead to an increase or reduction in the number of these repeats. Generally, these microsatellite number variations are corrected via the DNA repair machinery; if not, the alterations are transmitted to the progeny, which is also indicated by the elevated mutation rate in the offspring. Microsatellite instability (MSI) can also cause reading-frame problems, and this can lead to elevated expression of foreign antigens in tumors, promising an enhanced efficacy of the anti-tumour immune response. Thus, MSI indicates not only genetic instability but also an increased efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Various tools such as PCR-based techniques or immunohistochemical methods have been developed to confirm MSI and to examine the functionality of the DNA repair mechanisms in these patients. Additionally, the recent technology also allows us to examine of microsatellites by using next-generation sequencing or artificial intelligence-based image analysis methods. In this review, we summarize recent methodologies and the clinical significance of MSI analysis. ]

[The diagnosis and treatment of a life-threatening disease such as cancer involves exposure to psychological and physical stress and may constitute a traumatic experience for most people. Abnormal adaptation of neurobiological systems to the stress following experienced trauma, furthermore, individual fac­tors such as previous traumas may also play a role in PTSD development. In the context of oncology, there is a specific need to develop better tools for psychological assessment, that address cancer-related stressors. It is hypothesized that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy promotes the elicitation of the innate self-healing capacity, the natural healing process of the immune system and adaptive information reprocessing. The EMDR therapeutic intervention with oncological patients aims to repair the psychic balance, empower resilience factors and to allow the processing of traumatic disease-related experiences.]