[The idea of a constellation of abnormalities linked to insulin resistance as a key component was pioneered and summarized by Reaven in 1988 under the name of “X” syndrome. Based on the various elements of the syndrome, several synonyms have been proposed, including “deadly trio”, “deadly quartet”, “central fat syndrome”, “insulin resistance syndrome”. To avoid the confusion of this entity with “cardial X syndrome”, an established syndrome in cardiology, and instead of the rather long “metabolic X syndrome”, I have proposed the term “Xyndrome”. Irrespective of how it is called, this syndrome has come into the focus of clinical research; using the keyword “metabolic syndrome” to search in the index of the National Library of Medicine, 15.661 citations pop up, and in February 2006 only, 168 papers were published in this field. In spite of this, several international scientific organizations have recently claimed that metabolic syndrome has not been unambiguously defined, its diagnostic criteria are contradictory, and finally, the syndrome as an entity has no more value in predicting cardiovascular risk than the sum of its individual components has, therefore, the use of this notion in the clinical practice is not recommended. There are, however, opposing opinions emphasizing the importance of abdominal obesity - today considered to be most essential element -, data from recent research, and the didactic advantage that the use of this notion has improved complex treatment of its various components. It is crucial to understand that “syndrome” is not more - and not less, either - than a clustering of symptoms and findings, and should not be treated as a distinct disease. The emergence of the notion of metabolic syndrome, however, has been a step forward in the medical concept in that metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are now dealt with in a more complex way, which warrants the maintenance of this notion and the increase of our understanding by continuing research in this field.]

[Incretin mimetics represent a new group of antidiabetic drugs. They bind to their own receptor on the beta-cell membrane and increase insulin secretion in a glucosedependent manner. Thus, they rarely cause hypoglycaemia. Furthermore, they significantly reduce body weight and other cardiovascular risk factors. Accordingly, they can be considered as an optimal group of antidiabetic drugs. The author reviews the clinical efficacy and safety of currently available incretin mimetics.]

[Aim of the study: The objective of my thesis was to examine the presence of metabolic syndrome with the disorder of glucose metabolism among patients diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Sample and methods: 98 female patients diagnosed with PCOS, aged 18-45, took part in the retrospective quantitative study, anthropometric data and laboratory parameters relevant to metabolic profile were analysed. We applied descriptive statistics with SPSS 17 software, as well as Chi2-test and regression analysis (p <0.05) Results: 46% of the study population were found to be overweight. There was a significant correlation between BMI index and blood pressure and lipid profile (p<0.05). Metabolic syndrome was confirmed by more than 40% of the patients Conclusion: The PCOS is an endocrine disease, which affects multiple organ systems. The patients should be screened towards metabolic syndrome to achieve a correct diagnosis, regardless of the BMI values. The findings of our research and the confirmed correlations highlight the need for a development in care protocols.]

[Hyperuricemia is frequent and its prevalence is increasing as it correlates with obesity and metabolic syndrome by several different mechanisms. Furthermore, recently several data are available for the cardiovascular and renal protective effect of allopurinol in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The new European EULAR guidelines suggested treat to target principle in urat lowering therapy of gout. The uric acid target is below 360 µmol/l in mild to moderate gout. The guidelines unequivocally stated, that allopurinol is the first line uric acid lowering drug. Allopurinol treatment should be started immediately at the diagnosis and should be continued lifelong.]