[In the past decades, the prevention of micro- and macrovascular complications has been the main target of diabetes treatment. On the basis of the latest publications that have created a storm we have to highlight the associations between diabetes mellitus, its treatment protocols and tumours. Analysing the often controversial human results, in the absence of relevant prospective studies, we have to consider preclinical observations to choose a safe treatment method.]

[During the past two decades, the management of complications of cirrhosis has dramatically changed, which substantially improved the patients’ survival. The present paper provides an overview of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cirrhosis and its complications including portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, ascites, hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndromes, encephalopathy and bacterial infection. Besides noninvasive diagnostic methods, pharmacological and endoscopic treatment modalities are discussed, with emphasis of the importance of nonselective beta-blockers, vasoactive therapy, antibiotic and albumin medication. Prevention and early diagnosis of cirrhosis as well as new pharmacological agents under development presumbaly result in further development in the management of patients with advanced, chronic liver disease.]

[The basic principles of the treatment of severe infections have recently been delineated : after having samples for microbiological tests, empiric therapy based on local resistance patterns should be introduced immediately, possibly within 1 hour in severe sepsis or in septic shock, the empiric therapy should be simplified according to the results of microbiological tests and/or improvement of the condition of patient , the antibiotics should be applied according to their pharmacodynamic properties, the duration of therapy should be shortened to the minimum time, in case of well responding non-complicated infection to 5-7 days., The most frequent problem pathogens in Hungary are the MRSA and ESBL-producing Gram-negatives. In severe infections with MRSA bacteremia, the therapy sholud be based on the vancomycin MIC of the pathogen. If MIC is below 1,5 mg/l, vancomycin is probably effective with a serum minimum concentration of 15 mg/l, while in case of less sensitive pathogens the administration of an alternative agent, such as linezolid, tigecyclin or daptomycin should be considered. In severe infections due to ESBL-producing pathogens, the carbapenems are the firts line antibiotics, while tigecyclin seems to be a promising alternative agent. The treatment of severe infections requires thorough care of the patient and skillnes in antimicrobial therapy in the period of multiresistant pathogens]