[The authors surveyed the already known factors responsible for the osteoporotic bone fragility. Then the results of using modern imaging techniques (micro-CT, high-resolution peripheral computed quantitative tomograph - HR-pQCT) and advanced computer analytic methods (finite element analysis, FEA) are presented. These data - beyond the already known fracture risk factors (age, risk of falling, bone mineral density - BMD, and fine structure damage of trabecular bone) are stressing the importance of the (micro)damage of cortical bone as a fracture risk factor, which has been still underrated. The cortical thickening and increased porosity - verified on various population samples - are increasing the risk of fractures in certain subgroups of subjects having identical BMD values, even among those, who are considered only osteopenic by the earlier classification based on BMD values. Backed with modern software batteries, the new imaging techniques are expected to enter clinical application in the near future. Pharmacologic agents with stronger cortical effect are already available and research is continuing to find new drugs to use in the management of osteoporotic patients of high fracture risk.]

[Molecular genetics has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in a number of diseases. The most frequent thyroid tumours are associated with genetic alterations that might be used for diagnostic purpose in the future. Somatic mutations and rearrangements in BRAF, RAS family RET/PTC and PAX8/PPAR-gamma genes may occur in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. Other mutations of the RET gene can be found in medullary carcinomas (in sporadic as well as hereditary types), whereas mutations of the genes TP53, RAS, and BRAF are associated with poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinomas. At present, the most reliable diagnostic tool for the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules is fine-needle aspiration cytology. However, the existing malignancy cannot be unequivocally proven in up to 10-40% of all samples. On the basis of previous results, genetic examination of fine needle aspiration samples from thyroid nodules can contribute to a more precise diagnosis and the timely removal of potentially malignant nodules.]

[INTRODUCTION - After the discovery of X-ray it was not only used for medical purposes, but also to study the internal structure of various objects. The X-ray examination can be applied not only to examine paintings, but other works of art. METHODS AND RESULTS - The rontgenograms are made by industrial film without any screen in the museum. In case of paintings soft-beam examination technique was used. The basic principle of the X-ray examination of different paintings is based on the presence of different atomic number in different paints. Authors after the examination of four paintings achieved a significant finding. In these paintings the stylistic and structural features of the pictures, injuries, originality, changes in the composition during the work of the artist can be studied. CONCLUSIONS - Recordings made by an industrial radiological equipment in the Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest) are helpful in the restorer work.]