[INTRODUCTION - The aim of this study was to analyze the radiological observations of four cases of pancreatic fracture caused by blunt abdominal trauma. PATIENTS AND METHOD - The authors diagnosed pancreatic transection in four patient during a 4-year period. The patients were examined with spiral CT. Two children suffered pancreatic injury caused by blunt abdominal trauma (7,5 and 13 years old) and two adult men (40 and 35 years old). RESULTS - The abdominal ultrasound examination was not diagnostic regarding to pancreatic injury, but depicted free abdominal fluid and associated injuries of other organs. The pancreatic fracture was diagnosed only in one case at the first abdominal CT. The examiner failed to recognize the pancreatic transection in two cases at the initial CT. A pseudocyst was diagnosed by the examiner correctly in the 4th case, depicted earlier with US some weeks after the blunt abdominal trauma, but the pancreatic rupture was seen during reviewing of the CT scans, only. CONCLUSION - The recognition of pancreatic injury is difficult but very important, because it requires surgical intervention. In the literature, spiral CT considered as the best imaging technique in the evaluation of pancreatic injury. The radiologist has to think about the traumatic injury of pancreas also and know the signs of pancreatic fracture.]

[The aim of the study: Hyponatraemia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients. Certain drugs (eg, diuretics, antidepressants, and antiepileptics) have been implicated as established causes of either asymptomatic or symptomatic hyponatraemia. Studies proved correlation between hyponatremia and hospital mortality. Hyponatraemia remains asymptomatic in most cases, but if left untreated, it can cause life-threatening situations. Our aim was to examine the frequency of hyponatraemia in our hospital and its impact on the emergency care. Methods: A total of 75 patients were enrolled in the study with purposive sampling. We used descriptive and mathematical statistics with SPSS 22.0 software package for processing non-parametric statistical data. Results: Patients transferred by ambulance or arriving at the ER department came with dizziness, vomiting / diarrhea symptoms. Admission causes, were characteristic symptoms of hyponatraemia as well as non-specific neurological symptoms (headache, dizziness, confusion, unconsciousness) were found (n = 29). In addition, a common complaint of vomiting / diarrhea (n = 12), abdominal pain (n = 10). In particular, the complaint leading to a significant proportion of patients with hyponatraemia was not typical, but it was kind of trauma (n = 12). Nearly half of the patients (n = 36) were revenant. The most common diagnosis was hypertension (34%). 52% were taking medication that typically cause hyponatraemia. There were significant increase in the incidence of hyponatraemia in cases where the patient was taking diuretics. Conclusions: The diagnosis of hyponatraemia is based on the recording history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Preventive approach would reduce the number of hospital stays due to hyponatraemia, and this may indeed improve patients’ life expectancy. The disease itself is easily remedied, it can cause critical condition due to disregard.]

Although vertigo is one of the most common complaints, intracranial malignant tumors rarely cause sudden asymmetry between the tone of the vestibular peripheries masquerading as a peripheral-like disorder. Here we report a case of simultaneous temporal bone infiltrating macro-metastasis and disseminated multi-organ micro-metastases presenting as acute unilateral vestibular syndrome, due to the reawakening of a primary gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. Purpose – Our objective was to identify those pathophysiological steps that may explain the complex process of tumor reawakening, dissemination. The possible causes of vestibular asymmetry were also traced. A 56-year-old male patient’s interdisciplinary medical data had been retrospectively analyzed. Original clinical and pathological results have been collected and thoroughly reevaluated, then new histological staining and immunohistochemistry methods have been added to the diagnostic pool. During the autopsy the cerebrum and cerebellum was edematous. The apex of the left petrous bone was infiltrated and destructed by a tumor mass of 2x2 cm in size. Histological reexamination of the original gastric resection specimen slides revealed focal submucosal tumorous infiltration with a vascular invasion. By immunohistochemistry mainly single infiltrating tumor cells were observed with Cytokeratin 7 and Vimentin positivity and partial loss of E-cadherin staining. The subsequent histological examination of necropsy tissue specimens confirmed the disseminated, multi-organ microscopic tumorous invasion. Discussion – It has been recently reported that the expression of Vimentin and the loss of E-cadherin is significantly associated with advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular and neural invasion and undifferentiated type with p<0.05 significance. As our patient was middle aged and had no immune-deficiency, the promoting factor of the reawakening of the primary GC malignant disease after a 9-year-long period of dormancy remained undiscovered. The organ-specific tropism explained by the “seed and soil” theory was unexpected, due to rare occurrence of gastric cancer to metastasize in the meninges given that only a minority of these cells would be capable of crossing the blood brain barrier. Patients with past malignancies and new onset of neurological symptoms should alert the physician to central nervous system involvement, and the appropriate, targeted diagnostic and therapeutic work-up should be established immediately. Targeted staining with specific antibodies is recommended. Recent studies on cell lines indicate that metformin strongly inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells. Therefore, further studies need to be performed on cases positive for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.