[Chronic administration of antiepileptic drugs without history of unprovoked epileptic seizures are not recommended for epilepsy prophylaxis. Conversely, if the patient suffered the first unprovoked seizure, then the presence of epileptiform discharges on the EEG, focal neurological signs, and the presence of epileptogenic lesion on the MRI are risk factors for a second seizure (such as for the development of epilepsy). Without these risk factors, the chance of a second seizure is about 25-30%, while the presence of these risk factors (for example signs of previous stroke, neurotrauma, or encephalitis on the MRI) can predict >70% seizure recurrence. Thus the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) re-defined the term ’epilepsy’ which can be diagnosed even after the first seizure, if the risk of seizure recurrence is high. According to this definition, we can start antiepileptic drug therapy after a single unprovoked seizure. There are four antiepileptic drugs which has the highest evidence (level „A”) as first-line initial monotherapy for treating newly diagnosed epilepsy. These are: carbamazepine, phenytoin, levetiracetam, and zonisamide (ZNS). The present review focuses on the ZNS. Beacuse ZNS can be administrated once a day, it is an optimal drug for maintaining patient’s compliance and for those patients who have a high risk for developing a non-compliance (for example teenagers and young adults). Due to the low interaction potential, ZNS treatment is safe and effective in treating epilepsy of elderly people. ZNS is an ideal drug in epilepsy accompanied by obesity, because ZNS has a weight loss effect, especially in obese patients.]

[Energy drinks have been gaining unbroken popularity, especially among youngsters and children since they were introduced to the market. Manufacturers promise to improve performance and stamina with consuming the products, classified as non-alcoholic soft drinks. In addition to the vitamins and plant extracts, they contain a significant amount of caffeine and other stimulants (taurine, guarana). Among the active ingredients, caffeine has an outstanding effect and thereby a danger, since its overconsumption – in addition to milder he­mo­dynamic changes – can cause severe cardio­vascular consequences, cardiac arrhythmias, ion channel diseases, increased blood coagulation, myocardial infarction or reduced cerebral blood flow in susceptible consumers. Many case studies have also reported serious cardiovascular attacks among young chronic energy drink consumers. Health impairments of excessive and long-term consumption of energy drinks have been studied increasingly, however there is limited and contradictory evidence on the safety of consumption and the effectiveness of performance enhancement. ]

[The most important aspects of Hungarian hypertension epidemiology are demonstrated. The prevalence of hypertension is continuously increasing and in 2011 from the nearly 10 million population exceeded 3 million. Its occurrence rises in parallel with the increase in of systolic blood pressure and the progression of age, and exceeds 60% in those aged over 65 years. The average blood pressure is increasing in children and adolescents, and isolated systolic hypertension is often observed in those over 65-70 years. The situation is closely related to overweight in the young, while in elderly the atherosclerotic process results in low diastolic blood pressure. The prevalence is significantly different in some regions with the highest incidence in South-Transdanubia and North- Hungary. Overall, there is a higher incidence in women. Among known hypertensive patients, the ratio of men is greater till 40-45 years; thereafter, there will be an equilibration and in elderly women the incidence will be higher. It is interesting, that the morbidity and mortality have significantly increased in hypertension and diabetes since 2004, while the incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke has significantly decreased. As concerns organ damage, an increase in occurrence of left ventricular hypertrophy and microalbuminuria has been observed. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease were the most frequent comorbidities.]

[Aims - This review is a summary of four studies investigating the effect of epileptic disturbance and other functional factors on the brain lateralization. Methods - Patients were investigated by functional MRI by using visual, sensorimotor, memory, and speech paradigms. Results - 1. Malformations of cortical development localized within speech centers induce contralateral speech reorganization in only 50% of cases. 2. Epileptic disturbance can induce a reorganization in language lateralization independent of the effect of lesion. 3. Bilateral epileptic activity can prevent a reorganization of memory functions contralateral to the seizure onset region. 4. Injury of the right upper limb can induce a left-to-right shift of language lateralization. Conclusions - Our results may have implication during neurorehabilitation process and neurosurgical interventions. Participation of malformations of cortical development in cognitive functions should keep in mind during surgery. Reorganization of speech- and memory functions should also be considered during operations of central nervous system.]

[Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is frequent in hypertension and its prevalence is increasing. Authors studied the incidence of serum uric acid levels and its correlation with age, risk factors, anthropological, metabolic characteristics, blood pressure, blood pressure target, organ damage, age-related co-morbidity in 47,372 hypertensive patients (22,688 males, 24,694 women). In the second part of their analysis the prevalence of hyperuricemia was 13.8% in hypertensive men and 21.6% in women. The age, BMI, waist diameter, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and onset of hypertension, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose and serum creatinine were slightly higher, but serum HDL cholesterol and eGFR were slightly lower in hyperuricemic hypertensive patients, independently of their gender. Among hypertension mediated organ damage ischemic and left ventricular hypertensive ECG alterations, mild chronic kidney disease and proteinuria, among hypertension associated diseases diabetes associated ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease associated diabetes and both ischemic and chronic kidney disease associated diabetes were significantly more frequent in hyperuricemic hypertensive patients.]