[Mentalization or theory of mind as an aspect of our social cognition, is our ability to infer mental states of others (intentions, desires, thoughts, emotions) and to predict their behavior accordingly. This function significantly affects our participation and orientation in the social world and plays an important role in conversational situations, social interactions, social integ­ration and adaptation. The brain regions that serve as the basis for mind-reading function can be damaged as a consequence of traumatic brain injury, which frequently occurs among the younger population. Traumatic brain injury can cause focal or diffuse cerebral injuries, often leading to theory of mind deficit. In this topic such publications were researched that compared theory of mind ability between traumatic brain injury patients and control subjects (comparative case-control studies). We searched for the studies in the following internet based/online databases: PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, APA PsycNET (PsycARTICLES) and EBSCO Host. The search was performed using the following key word combinations: theory of mind or mentalizing or social cognition AND traumatic brain injury or head/brain injury or diffuse axonal injury. Based on the results of the included and processed studies (21 pc), traumatic brain injury often leads to mentalization deficit with different severity. With this present review we aim to draw attention to the fact that the appearance and severity of mind reading dysfunction can considerably affect the outcome of the disease, the length of rehabilitation time and the prognosis of traumatic brain injury patients. Besides this, with this review, we aim to take sides in whether theory of mind ability is domain-specific or domian-general based on studies including traumatic brain injury patients.]

Background and aim - Somatic and mental health and stress factors of physicians became an issue of growing interest in both national and international researches. Our aim is to give an overviewing analysis of Hungarian physicians’ mental health state. Methods - Representative, cross-sectional, quantitative survey on a representative sample of Hungarian physicians (n=4784). The control group was formed by the population group of a national survey conducted by “Hungarostudy 2013” (n=2000). Results - Suicidal thoughts (18.8% vs. 9.6%, p<0.001), the scores of Somatic Symptom Scale (PHQ-10, 20.4% vs. 13.6%, p<0.001) were significantly higher among physicians. The suicidal attempts (1.9% vs. 3.5%, p=0.053) and BDI depression scores (7.9% vs. 29.5%, p<0.001) were significantly higher in the control group. High Perceived Stress Scale (PPS) scores occurred in 43.3% of the physicians sample, and 43.4% of them had high scores in the Athenian Insomnia Scale (AIS). The young (<35) female physicians showed significantly higher rates of suicidal thoughts, higher scores of PHQ and PPS. In the young female cohort, the AIS scores were significantly higher than of the other physicians. Conclusions - Mental health of physicians (sleep disorders, suicidal thoughts and psychosomatic symptoms) showed poorer results than the population data. BDI scores and the rate of suicidal attempts showed favourable trends. The next step in the physicians’ mental health researches is to investigate the most decisive risk factors, and to work out the prevention tools.

[Introduction – Mentalization is the ability to attribute mental states (intentions, desires, thoughts, emotions) to others, and hence to predict their behaviour. This ability fundamentally determines our participation in social relationships and adaptation to society. A significant proportion of the disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) affects those brain structures and neurotransmitter systems that play a role in the mentalizing processes. Accordingly, a number of CNS disorders may be associated with mentalizing deficits, which may affect the outcome of these diseases. Here, we review recent research on mentalizing abilities in neurological diseases. Methods – An internet database search was performed to identify publications on the subject. Results – Sixty-two publications in English corresponded to the search criteria. These publications reported impaired mentalization in several neurological disorders (e.g. epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, dementias, traumatic brain injury). Discussion – The results indicate that a number of neurological disorders associate with mentalizing deficit. This deficit is often present in the early stages of the diseases and has a prognostic value, which in turn emphasizes the importance of the early detection and adequate rehabilitation.]

[Contrary to Attila Bánfalvi's position, I try to argue that within a narrow range of validity, the experimental-positivist knowledge creation methodology provides more secure, evolvable and useful knowledge than the knowledge creation procedures of some schools of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).]

[INTRODUCTION - The aim of the study was to explore the differences in motivations between successful quitters and smokers who just consider quitting. Self-reported motivations of exsmokers' smoking cessation and the reasoning of current smokers who consider quitting were analyzed. SUBJECTS AND METHODS - The study is based on Hungarostudy Health Panel conducted in 2005, which is the second wave of Hungarostudy 2002, a national representative health survey of the adult Hungarian population. Of the subjects involved in this follow-up study, data from 3701 persons could be analyzed. RESULTS - About half of the respondents had never smoked, one fifth of them had quitted and 28 percent smoked. More than half of the current smokers (52%) contemplated on giving up smoking. Among ex-smokers and contemplating current smokers alike (38-40%), disease prevention was mentioned as the single most important reason of cessation. Financial reasons were mostly mentioned by current smokers; ex-smokers were more likely to explain their decision with deteriorating health, the occurrence of certain diseases. Among these, cardio-vascular morbidity played the most important role in smoking cessation while cancers, respiratory disease and diabetes also significantly increased the odds of quitting. Social pressure was a reason for quitting mostly among women and elderly persons. Among current smokers, those living in partner relationship and the better-off tended to entertain thoughts of quitting because of social pressure. CONCLUSION - The results confirm the importance of cardiovascular diseases in smoking cessation: although people emphasize primary preventive purposes of their cessation efforts, in fact secondary prevention, i.e., existing circulatory and heart problems play the major role both in actual cessation and in quitting considerations.]