[The stages of abnormal albuminuria are microand macroalbuminuria. The isolated abnormal albuminuria is a special form of proteinuria. For the detection of abnormal albuminuria one can use immunological or liquid chromatographic methods. The latter seems to be more appropriate than the immunological methods for the measurement of albuminuria in normo- and microalbuminuric diabetic patients. In diabetes mellitus, the circulating glycated and oxidized albumin is degraded and eliminated in the kidney. Decrease of the glomerular filtration rate is a valuable measure of renal insufficiency and this loss of kidney function is followed by the decrease of albuminuria as a sign of the glomerular closure. Albuminuria is an important cardiovascular risk factor and the decrease of the abnormal albuminuria is associated with a diminishing cardiovascular risk. Thus, albuminuria is a cardiovascular therapeutic target, as well. Therefore, the major points of the management of diabetic albuminuria are the achievement of euglycaemia, the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers.]

[Studies in the last couple of years found more and more convincing evidence about the fact that impaired glucose metabolism leads to structural changes in the skeletal system leading toward osteoporosis. While patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have decreased bone density, measurement showed increased bone mineral density in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite these differences, risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures is increased in both groups of diabetic patients. Decreased pancreatic beta cell function is accompanied by several hormonal disturbances leading to decreased bone formation even in the early stage of diabetes. Peak bone mass of diabetic children is lower than found in nondiabetic children. Late complications of diabetes, vascular and neuronal impairments, impaired renal function, and secondary hormonal disturbances are added to this process. IGF-1 may have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in diabetes. The structure of the molecule is similar to insulin. IGF-1 has effect on normal bone formation, inhibits the apoptosis and interferes with several other metabolic pathways. IGF-1 mediates the effect of growth hormone to the muscular and skeletal system. IGF-1 level decreases with age, and lower level of IGF-1 is found in diabetic patients. Long term complications of diabetes can also occur, which may enhance the process of bone resorption. Although the evidence is growing that fracture risk is higher in diabetic patiens, there are still scientists who question the association between the two disorders.]

[Diabetes is a model disease of behavior therapy. Its treatment is in the hands of patients for the most part, who must make decisions about their treatment every day, which affect their health status, prognosis and risk of developing complications of the disease. This common and complex treatment represents a significant burden for the majority of patients. In practice, a significant number of patients do not follow one or more cornerstones of self-management: physical activity, healthy diet, and use of medication. Based on research results diabetic patients' quality of life and psychological state is significantly worse than those of non-diabetics, which tend to deteriorate the medical collaboration and health status. In addition, certain psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, eating disorders), are also more common, which impair the quality of self-treatment as well. Early detection and treatment is of great importance, but in practice, only 10% of patients get psychological treatment, despite the fact that nearly 40% of them experience psychological symptoms. Based on the above, behavior remedial methods are highly recommended to be applied in the field of diabetes care in order upgrade quality of life, although they are not yet considered as commonly accepted in psychoeducation. Our aim is to summarise the practical and proven methods of behavioral remedies in addition to the literature review. In the case study demonstrate the authors the addition of transtheoretical model. The first order condition of self-management is the adoption of the disease and motivation, afterwards comes the teaching of theoretical and practical knowledge, and the ongoing diabetes education. ]

[Aim of the research: The aims of the authors were to compare the clinical proceeding of periprosthetic infection with comorbidities and age, respectively. They were investigated the proportion of prothesis removal to achieve healing in case of periprosthetic infection and the influence of certain comorbities to infection elimination. Research and sampling methods: In the study, clinical and follow up data was collected retrospectively through 3 years from 46 patients treated due to hip and knee joint periprosthetic infection. For statistical analysis, SPSS program was used. Results: According to the examination, loss of function in joints occurs in 82% of cases, although 50% of the infected prostheses can be salvage primarily based on patient follow up data. In case of diabetic patients, positive tendency was observed between the days of hospitalization or age and the chance of loss of function. Significant difference (p=0.022) was determined between the leucocytosis at the time of admission and the loss of function. Conclusions: There is no clear prognostic factor, which can enhance a patients group, who has failed to commit everything to keep the prosthesis observance. ]

[Diabetic foot syndrome is a characteristic late complication of diabetes mellitus. It can develop in patients with type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in case of a long duration of diabetes and sustained poor metabolic state. Diabetic neuropathy plays a pivotal role in the pathomechanism, but vascular symptoms might also contribute to the complex clinical picture. For making the diagnosis, evaluation of complaints, performing physical examination and using simple tests for identifying both distal, somatosensory neuropathy and potential angiopathy are of great importance. Therapeutic approaches aim to achieve proper glycaemic control, as well as to ameliorate symptoms of neuropathy, improve peripheral blood supply by medicines, angioplasty or intervention radiological methods, fight against infections and off-load the foot. Surgical intervention might also be necessary, and in severe cases, amputation might be needed. The diabetic foot syndrome increases mortality risk in patients with diabetes. Complaints related to diabetic foot syndrome are often resistant to treatment and tend to recur. Thus, prevention with long-term, good metabolic control and protection of the foot are of particular importance.]