[Introduction: The role of HbA1c in the diagnostic criteria of diabetes has been more emphasized in the american medical literature. The prevalence of disturbed glucose tolerance in adult population is considered significant. In primary care, in case of identified diabetics the regular HbA1c measurement is not used generally. We screened our proteinuric patients on the spot HbA1c measurement selecting the patients with metabolic syndrome and known diabetes. Patients and methods: During the three week period 51 consecutive patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, we measured HbA1c along with registration of other laboratory and clinical data. Results: In the non-diabetic group five patients showed HbA1c below 5%, 12 patients between 5.1-5.5%, 19 patients in the range of 5.6-6%, and 6 patients above 6%. The rate of proven diabetes was 14% (6/42 patients) by confirmatory laboratory examination. In the diabetic group the HbA1c values were around 6.7% (median; and range 5.2- 7.9%). Conclusion: We do suggest on the spot HbA1c measurement as screening test in patients with high risk of diabetes at the nephrological outpatient department, further laboratory HbA1c analysis and glucose tolerance test can demonstrate the diagnosis. In patients with overt type 2 diabetes it can help to identify those, who should be sent to diabetological consultation.]

[There are several evidence-based recommendations for the antihypertensive treatment of diabetic patients. The treatment should be chosen in such way that the target blood pressure (<130/80 Hgmm) is reached and the risk of target organ failure and cardiovascular mortality is minimized. Based on the studies, it seems that the angiotensin converting enzyme II receptor blockers and low-dose thiazide diuretics, along with their combinations can be recommended as first-line treatment in diabetes mellitus. Beta-receptor blockers and calciumchannel inhibitors are more effective than placebo and may be can be combined with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme II blockers and diuretics. This is important, because the effective antihypertensive treatment and the prevention of complications in diabetic patients can rarely be achieved with monotherapy only.]

[The incretin based therapies give new and promising opportunities in the care of type 2 diabetic patients. Right now two kinds of incretinmimetics and three incretinenhancers are available in Hungary. There are more and more agents and more industrial products. There are several publications about the advantages of these products, but only a few data can be found about the comparison of them. The author tries to evaluate the incretin based therapies, and tries to help the clinicians choose the right one.]

[The position statement of the Hungarian Diabetes Association has been renewed in 2011. The new version of the position statement, comparing to that of the formerly published one in 2009, implies some new data which are currently reviewed. Besides target value of antidiabetic treatment the importance of the target range is emphasized. Details about the monogenic forms of diabetes and the role of the continuous glucose monitoring system are discussed. A treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes is published and the use of newly available antidiabetic drugs is summarized. Finally, the importance of the early diagnosis and the prevention of diabetes mellitus are pointed out.]

[Diabetic foot syndrome is a characteristic late complication of diabetes mellitus. It can develop in patients with type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in case of a long duration of diabetes and sustained poor metabolic state. Diabetic neuropathy plays a pivotal role in the pathomechanism, but vascular symptoms might also contribute to the complex clinical picture. For making the diagnosis, evaluation of complaints, performing physical examination and using simple tests for identifying both distal, somatosensory neuropathy and potential angiopathy are of great importance. Therapeutic approaches aim to achieve proper glycaemic control, as well as to ameliorate symptoms of neuropathy, improve peripheral blood supply by medicines, angioplasty or intervention radiological methods, fight against infections and off-load the foot. Surgical intervention might also be necessary, and in severe cases, amputation might be needed. The diabetic foot syndrome increases mortality risk in patients with diabetes. Complaints related to diabetic foot syndrome are often resistant to treatment and tend to recur. Thus, prevention with long-term, good metabolic control and protection of the foot are of particular importance.]