[Family planning is an exceptionally important question in multiple sclerosis, as women of childbearing age are the ones most often affected. Although it is proven that pregnancy does not worsen the long-term prognosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, many patients are still doubtful about having children. This question is further complicated by the fact that patients – and often even doctors – are not sufficiently informed about how the ever-increasing number of available disease-modifying treatments affect pregnancies. Breastfeeding is an even less clear topic. Patients usually look to their neurologists first for answers concerning these matters. It falls to the neurologist to rationally evaluate the risks and benefits of contraception, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, childbirth, breastfeeding and disease modifying treatments, to inform patients about these, and then together come to a decision about the best possible therapeutic approach, taking the patients’ individual family plans into consideration. Here we present a review of relevant literature adhering to international guidelines on the topics of conception, pregnancy and breastfeeding, with a special focus on the applicability of approved disease modifying treatments during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The goal of this article is to provide clinicians involved in the care of MS patients with up-to-date information that they can utilize in their day-to-day clinical practice. ]

[INTRODUCTION - Starting first aid education in early childhood can be an effective method of knowledge transfer. AIM - Our aim was to examine first aid education related opinions of kindergarten- and primary school children, educators, and parents. MATERIALS AND METHODS - 871 people (children, educators, parents) were involved in our study. Opinions were measured with self-administered questionnaires, containing mainly open questions. RESULTS - General opinion of parents and educators on first aid education in childhood were mainly positive, but they also gave negative ones. The majority of participants had a positive opinion about our completed program. Based on the opinions of parents and educators first aid education is recommended by health care professionals. Opinions were independent from gender, age, lenght of time of working with children in all cases (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS - General opinion of parents and educators was varied, but it was generally positive concerning our program. Based on this results opinions can be changed with concrete activities. ]

[Numerous hypotheses have emerged to solve the problem and the pathomechanism of autoimmunity so far. Different factors are suspected, from viruses to neuroendocrine elements, to be a pathogen in the etiology of autoimmune diseases. Most of the theories are based on the assumption that something happens to the immune system and it leads to an autoimmune reaction against the proper self. This paper indicates that, at least in certain cases, the immune system reacts properly against the altered cells; therefore the cause of the autoimmunity lies in the other improper functioning of the body. Experimental data show that La autoantigen plays a role not only as a diagnostic marker but it may participate in the pathomechanism of certain autoimmune diseases as well. Mutations in the exon 7 of La gene have such consequences that could lead to the formation of autoimmune reactions detected.]

[Although follicular lymphoma is the most frequent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with an indolent clinical course, it is a rare disease. Patients with FL are characterized with a long survival with a relatively good quality of life, however using the current standard chemo-immunotherapy, the disease is considered incurable. The increasing knowledge of the molecular genetic background of the disease and the role of the reactive microenvironment lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma. Furthermore, the detailed functional characterization of the various cell surface antigens and deciphering the complex network of signaling pathways catalyzed the development of a number of novel targeted therapies (monoclonal antibodies, kinase- and NFκB-inhibitors), while understanding the effects of the cell surface receptors of cytotoxic T-cells initiated development of the monoclonal checkpoint inhibitors. The epigenetic therapies represent a novel therapeutic area with methyltransferase inhibitors demonstrating the most favorable results. Among the novel therapies, the immunomodulatory lenalidomide appears as the most promising and most effective drug, which acts via regulating the microenvironment, and in combination with rituximab in fi rst line setting it demonstrated similar effi cacy to the current standard protocols. Indeed, the rational use of the novel data and drugs paves the way towards personalized and targeted therapies for FL, resulting in more effective treatment and further improvement in patients’ survival, with a very long disease-free survival representing cure.]

[The origin, nature and fate of ”dark“ (dramatically shrunken and hyperbasophilic) neurons are century-old problems in both human and experimental neuropathology. Until a few years ago, hardly any cell-biological conclusion had been drawn from their histological investigation. On the basis of light and electron microscopic findings in animal experiments performed during the past few years, my research team has put forward novel ideas concerning 1. the nature of ”dark“ neurons (malfunction of an energystoring gel-structure that is ubiquitously present in all intracellular spaces between the ultrastructural elements), 2. the mechanism of their formation (non-programmed initiation of a whole-cell phase-transition in this gel-structure), 3. their capability of recovery (programmed for some physiological purpose), 4. their death mode (neither necrotic nor apoptotic), and 5. their relationship with the apoptotic cell death (the gel structure in question is programmed for the morphological execution of ontogenetic apoptosis). Based on morphological observations, this paper revisits these ideas in order to bring them to the attention of researchers who are in a position to investigate their validity by means of experimental paradigms other than those used here.]