[Asylum ignorantiae - The Asylum of Ignorance]
NAGY Zsuzsa
JUNE 10, 2009
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2009;19(04-05)
NAGY Zsuzsa
JUNE 10, 2009
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2009;19(04-05)
Lege Artis Medicinae
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Cough by itself is not a disease but a part of a complex defense mechanism protecting from harmful materials entering the airways and cleaning the lungs and airways from potentially harmful materials. Normally, cough is accompanied by other defense mechanisms (bronchoconstriction and secretion of sputum) that increase the effectiveness of cough. Cough generally is caused by intrapulmonary disorders, but may be related to extrapulmonary lesions that are not easy to diagnose. In every case, an etiological diagnosis has to be the aim because this is the only way to proper treatment. From the abundance of reasons for cough, upper airway cough syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and gastro-esophageal reflux disease are discussed in detail.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α seems to be fundamentally involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of immune-mediated (partly autoimmune) chronic inflammatory disorders; therefore, its blockade has allowed a remarkable advance in treatment strategies. Safety and tolerability profile of TNF-antagonists is generally favorable, their overall risk/benefit ratio is definitely positive. Possible adverse consequences related to TNF-α blocking monoclonal antibodies and soluble receptors can be classified as class-specific side effects that are related to their mode of action, and individual, molecule-specific effects. Immunogenic potential of immunoglobulins (Ig) eliciting an anti-(Ig-) antibody immune response may reduce or eliminate their therapeutic benefit, increase the risk of resistance or intolerance to biologic agents, and also lead to other adverse clinical effects. The immunogenicity profile of TNFantagonists is mainly related to their hetero- (xeno-), allo- (iso-)genic or idiotypic antigen character. By means of generating fully human monoclonal antibodies, more tolerable drugs could be introduced into clinical practice.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Skin and soft-tissue infections are defined as infections of the epidermis, dermis, or subcutan tissue. They are among the most common human bacterial infections observed in clinical practice. It has also been shown that the incidence of skin and soft-tissue infections is increasing. This has been attributed to several factors, including increasing population age, surgical wounds related to more invasive surgery in the ageing population, obesity, malnutrition, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease and decreasing immunocompetence. There has been a major increase in the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus infections, and communityacquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections in particular. Although many cases of skin and soft-tissue infections can be successfully treated using empirical antimicrobial therapy, changing resistance patterns of S. aureus isolates necessitate new treatment strategies.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The authors are focusing on a special type of long term psychiatric care taking place in Hungary outside of the conventional mental health care system, by introducing some institutional aspects of the not well known world of so called social homes for psychiatric patients (asylums). After reviewing several caracteristics of institutional development of psychiatric care in Hungary based on selected Hungarian and international historical sources, the main structural data of present Hungarian institutional capacities of psychiatric health and social care services are shown. Finally, the authors based on own personal experiences describe several functional ascpects of the largest existing asylum in EU, a social home for long term care of psychiatric patients. By the beginning of the 20th century, Hungarian psychiatric institutions were operating on an infrastructure of three large mental hospitals standing alone and several psychiatric wards incorporated into hospitals. Nevertheless, at the very first session of the Psychiatrists’ Conference held in 1900 many professionals gave warning: mental institutions were overcrowded and the quality of care provided in psychiatric hospital wards, many of which located in the countryside of Hungary, in most cases was far from what would have been professionally acceptable. The solution was seen in the building of new independent mental hospitals and the introduction of a family nursing institution already established in Western Europe; only the latter measure was implemented in the first half of the 20th century but with great success. However, as a result of the socio-political-economic-ideological turn following the Second World War, the institution of family nursing was dismantled while different types of psychiatric care facilities were developed, such as institutionalised hospital and outpatient care. In the meantime, a new type of institution emerged in the 1950s: the social home for psychiatric patients, which provided care for approximately the same number of chronic psychiatric patients nationwide as the number of functioning hospital beds for acute psychiatric patients. This have not changed significantly since, while social homes for psychiatric patients are perhaps less visible to the professional and lay public nowadays, altough their operational conditions are deteriorating of late years. Data show, that for historical reasons the current system of inpatient psychiatric care is proportionately arranged between health care and social care institutions; each covering one third. Further research is needed to fully explore and understand the current challenges that the system of psychiatric care social- and health care institutions are facing. An in-depth analysis would significantly contribute to the comprehensive improvement of the quality of services and the quality of lives of patients, their relatives and the health- and social care professionals who support them. ]
[BACKGROUND - The anatomy and pathology are the most outstanding field of the medical curriculum. These subjects mean the first practical experiences of dissection. The international literatures results shows that experience of dissection are important stages of becoming physician, but not always problemless. METHODS - Quantative (n=733) and qualitative (n=45) exploratory research among Hungarian medical students. We tried to present the effects and experiences of dissection pratcise using both analytical methods. Validity of the research was greatly improved by using the two methods. RESULTS - 50% of medical students reported that they were affected by dissection practice. The female students and those in clinical training (III-VI.years) reported about negative effects significantly more frequently. The results of the qualitative survey verified that dissection practices have decisive effect during the training and coping with experiences was often difficult especially for females students. CONCLUSIONS - Our research confirmed the hypothesis of dissection experiences play outstanding role in becoming physician. The successful coping isn’t the repression or ignorance of emotion, but understanding and finding effective solutions strategies for the negative emotions of experiences. Managing these experiences are a crucial factor of latter wellbeing of physicians and decisive factor of doctors-patient relationship.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[BACKGROUND - The anatomy and pathology are the most outstanding field of the medical curriculum. These subjects mean the first practical experiences of dissection. The international literatures results shows that experience of dissection are important stages of becoming physician, but not always problemless. METHODS - Quantative (n=733) and qualitative (n=45) exploratory research among Hungarian medical students. We tried to present the effects and experiences of dissection pratcise using both analytical methods. Validity of the research was greatly improved by using the two methods. RESULTS - 50% of medical students reported that they were affected by dissection practice. The female students and those in clinical training (III-VI.years) reported about negative effects significantly more frequently. The results of the qualitative survey verified that dissection practices have decisive effect during the training and coping with experiences was often difficult especially for females students. CONCLUSIONS - Our research confirmed the hypothesis of dissection experiences play outstanding role in becoming physician. The successful coping isn’t the repression or ignorance of emotion, but understanding and finding effective solutions strategies for the negative emotions of experiences. Managing these experiences are a crucial factor of latter wellbeing of physicians and decisive factor of doctors-patient relationship.]
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