[Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are systemic autoimmune diseases characterized by symmetrical weakness of proximal limb muscles. In the everyday practice it is not easy to treat idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. First-line therapy is based on corticosteroids. If there is no improvement in the symptoms and complaints in two months, a new immunosuppressant therapy has to be initiated. The aim of this summary is to present the biological agent rituximab in the therapy of this condition.]

[Increased knowledge on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes has considerably transformed the principles and practice of treatment. Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, the two main components of the pathogenesis both play a role in the conversion of normal glucose metabolism, through impaired glucose tolerance, into type 2 diabetes. Decreased insulin sensitivity, with or without beta-cell dysfunction, is present in the vast majority cases, therefore, its treatment is essential. Physical activity is known to improve insulin sensitivity. The primary action of the recommended first-line pharmacological agent metformin is the inhibition of hepatic glucose production but it also moderately stimulates muscle glucose uptake. Glitazones are insulin sensitizers that increase glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and moderately decrease hepatic glucose production. Some evidence suggests that α-glucosidase inhibitors and also certain insulin secretagogues can improve the effect of insulin. Early detection of the pathologic state and an efficient treatment to improve both insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function are essential in order to slow the progression and prevent the development of complications in type 2 diabetes.]

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a reversible clinical and neuroradiological syndrome which may appear at any age and characterized by headache, altered consciousness, seizures, and cortical blindness. The exact incidence is still unknown. The most commonly identified causes include hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, and some cytotoxic drugs. Vasogenic edema related subcortical white matter lesions, hyperintense on T2A and FLAIR sequences, in a relatively symmetrical pattern especially in the occipital and parietal lobes can be detected on cranial MR imaging. These findings tend to resolve partially or completely with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Here in, we present a rare case of unilateral PRES developed following the treatment with pazopanib, a testicular tumor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitory agent.

[Traditionally, neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) serves as treatment of advanced breast cancer to achieve technical operability by resulting in tumor regression. Nowadays, NST is advantageous in all cases if adjuvant systemic therapy is needed, since the in vivo study of its effect provides possibility for the estimation of prognosis, the treatment may be modifi ed according to the therapeutic response, the systemic therapy starts earlier as compared to adjuvant therapy, and fi nally, it may result in the reduction of surgical and radiotherapeutical radicality. The type of NST should be selected on the basis of tumor features refl ecting treatment sensitivity. In case of chemosensitive cancers, chemotherapy is taxane- and anthracycline-based, and the planned dose should be delivered prior to surgery. In HER2-positive cancers, the addition of an anti-HER2 agent doubles the rate of pathological complete regressions. In hormone-sensitive tumors, the standard neoadjuvant endocrine therapy consists of an aromatase inhibitor (postmenopause), or tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor combined with an LHRH analog (premenopause) for 4-8 months that is continued following the surgery in the adjuvant setting. For the early evaluation of the effect of NST, serial tumor biopsy or imaging studies (MRI, PET) seem promising. Sentinel lymph node biopsy around the NST should be practiced with prudence; it may warrant the avoidance of axillary blockdissection in some cases. For the design of radiotherapy, the initial stage and the degree of regression are considered.]

[The primary goals of the treatment of AMI are to rapidly open - either mechanically or by thrombolysis - the blocked blood vessel and to keep it open. Restarting of the blood flow in blocked vessels results in an increased load in volume, pressure and metabolism in the blood vessel's supply area, which triggers the activation of a pathophysiological cascade. Pathophysiological processes accompanying the opening of the blood vessel include activation of catecholamines, RAS and neutrophils and subsequent free radical production, and increases in the levels of proinflammatory citokines and intracellular CA levels, that is, the so called oxygen paradox. The above mentioned processes can be blocked by beta receptor blockers (BRB) as demonstrated by class I, type A evidence. A number of clinical studies have shown their clinical efficiency following PCI. The PAMI, StentPAMI, AirPAMI and CADILLAC studies have proved that BRBs decrease mortality and morbidity after the intervention. The third-generation BRB carvedilol, which acts as a beta and alpha blocker in patients with STEMI successfully treated with PCI, and is also a Ca-channel blocker and a free radical trap, is the firstchoice agent for both theoretical and clinical reasons. Animal studies have shown that carvedilol results in greater reductions in the levels of markers indicating postinfarction reperfusion and ventricular remodeling (MCP1, MMP2, TIMP2) compared with metoprolol. Animal studies have also showed that carvedilol is the most efficient BRB for preventing the damaging of gap junction structure in reperfusion, and for inhibiting the ventricular arrhythmias induced by reperfusion, through restoring connexin 43. The beneficial effect of this drug on the cardiovascular events and mortality following myocardial infarction have been demonstrated in a number of human studies with hard endpoints. The unique efficiency of carvedilol in vascular prevention following PCI has been demonstrated by the short-term and longterm efficiency of carvedilol-filled stents, compared with BMSE-filled stents. Information on the postintervention, long-term (3-year) efficiency of carvedilol in a large (N :7500) patient group is expected to be published in 2015 in the CAPITAL-RCT study coordinated by the University of Kyoto. In summary, the results of experimental and clinical studies on carvedilol have shown that within the BRB group, carvedilol is highly recommended for the prevention of oxygen paradox following successful PCI and preserving the myocardium.]