[Sándor Gerő, the researcher clinician (1904-1992)]
GÁCS János
MAY 20, 2012
Hypertension and nephrology - 2012;16(02)
GÁCS János
MAY 20, 2012
Hypertension and nephrology - 2012;16(02)
[Sándor Gerő presents two theories concerning the origin of atherosclerosis. The first one is called “primary lipid infiltration concept” which means the penetration of high concentration plasma lipids into the arterial wall without its damage. The other theory for the origin of atherosclerosis is primary damage of the vascular wall (namely of fibers, mucopolysaccharid etc.) which is followed by lipid infiltration. In the literature it is named “primary vascular concept” of atherosclerosis. The author investigates the two possibilities with experimental and clinical methods and concludes that primary vascular damage is more probable to be the origin of atherosclerosis.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[Physical activity and sports in healthy people do not result in renal impairment. In end-stage renal disease - together with dialysis - moderate physical activity supports the maintenance of the controlled status. In chronic kidney disease moderate exercise improves filtration, the lipid profile, diminishes proteinuria and oxidative damage, maintains the muscular performance and metabolically active muscle mass. Metabolism of diabetics are significantly improved with exercise, it provides renal protection. Excess consumption of proteins, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs or creatine can be a problem in competitive sports. The high muscle mass implies higher creatinine level.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[Kidney transplantation provides the best outcomes, concerning morbidity, mortality and health related quality of life for patients with end stage renal disease. Health related quality of life is increasingly recognized as an important outcome measure in patients with different chronic medical conditions, including chronic kidney disease. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea syndrome and restless legs syndrome are common in patients with chronic kidney disease. The prevalence of insomnia and restless legs syndrome is similar in kidney transplanted patients to the prevalence observed in the general population. On the other hand, the prevalence of sleep apnea is considerably higher, about 30%. The association between sleep disorders and impaired health related quality of life has been relatively well documented in dialysis patients but only scarce information has been published about the kidney transplanted population. In this paper we summarize published data about sleep disorders and also about their association with health related quality of life in the kidney transplanted population.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[It is known that hypertension shows several gender specific elements both in pathogenesis and in therapy. Understanding this phenomenon may bring us closer to individualized therapy. That was the reason why we examined process of hypertensive adaptation on the level of small intramural coronary arteries. 10-10 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Animals received osmotic pumps in anaesthesia, which emitted 100 ng/bwkg/min angiotensin II acetate for four weeks. After four weeks treatment, animals were sacrified and heart weights were measured. We isolated intramural, small branches of the left anterior descendant coronary artery, placed them into vessel chamber and tested biomechanical properties and pharmacological reactivity. Heart weight and wall thickness were higher in females comparing to males. However, basal vascular tone and thromboxane-mediated vasoconstriction were elevated in males. Bradykinin relaxation was bigger in females. In female animals inward eutrophic remodeling was found, while in males increased wall stress and elastic moduli dominated the adaptation process. In conclusion, initial steps of angiotensin II mediated hypertension induced markedly gender dependent alterations.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[Assessment of early atherosclerosis and decreased arterial elasticity to recognise the cardiovascular dysfunction in high-risk patients has gained importance in the past decade. Since 1990, more than 630 papers have been published in the adult and pediatric literature. Methods of early risk assessment in adults are well determined in international recommendations. The aim of the present work is to review the suggestions of the American Heart Association helping us to find the most appropriate method for the non invasive methods of cardiovascular assessment of young adults and children. Furthermore, multicentric studies should be conducted to create a Framingham like score system for pediatric patients, to render cardiovascular risk assessment much easier for the every day routine.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[INTRODUCTION - An association of Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) with coronary heart disease has been found with seroepidemiological methods. This organism was demonstrated in atheromatous plaques by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction. MATERIAL AND METHODS - To better understand the significance of the presence of C. pneumoniae in atheromatous plaques, we examined coronary artery segments from young adults (15-34 years) with and without atherosclerosis. 74 samples of left anterior descending artery were examined immunohistochemically for the presence of C. pneumoniae by the monoclonal antibody RR402. RESULTS - C. pneumoniae was identified in the atheroma in 11 of 17 cases (65%) and in preatheroma in 6 of 15 cases (40%), in fatty streak in 7 of 23 cases (30%) and in intimal thickening in 1 of 14 cases (7%). C. pneumoniae was not found in the intimal and medial layer of the normal-appearing coronary arteries. C. pneumoniae was detected in the adventitia in 51 cases (67%) of the coronary arteries: in the normal arteries and initial lesions in 27 of 42 cases (63%), and in the advanced lesions in 24 of 32 cases (75%). Correlation was observed between the C. pneumoniae positive cases and cigarette smoking. CONCLUSION - Our results suggest that C. pneumoniae may relate to the severity of atherosclerosis in the youth, thus may initiate atherosclerotic injury or facilitate its progression along with other risk factors.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[In the fight against atherosclerosis, statin therapy is one of the most important elements. On the basis of data from the past few years the clinical introduction of a more effective statin is not expected, however, in order to improve cardiovascular prevention further development of agents that reduce LDL-cholesterol levels more effectively than currently used statins is warranted. The need for the development of new cholesterol-lowering therapeutic options is also supported by the existence of statin intolerance. The currently available combination therapies do not provide additional mortality benefits compared with statin monotherapy. The new solutions include fourth-generation statin molecules that primarily aim to enhance the NO-donor capacity of statins, and to reduce their muscle toxicity. Certain compounds that affect cholesterol synthesis (squalene synthase inhibitors, MTP inhibitors, ACAT inhibitors) need to be further analysed because of the risk of side effects. The use of an antisense oligonucleotid that blocks the mRNA of apoB, the main protein on the LDL-particle and antibodies that inhibit the protein PCSK9 that promotes the intracellular breakdown of the LDL-receptor seems to be much more promising. Besides the lowering of LDLcholesterol level, studies have focused on the benefits of increasing HDL-cholesterol levels. Unfortunately, recently completed analyses show that new forms of the strong HDL-C increasing nicotinic acid have not provided any additional benefit when added to statin therapy. Similarly, the adverse effects associated with the promising CETP inhibitors and the lack of additional benefit when combined with statins question the significance of this drug class. The necessity for an absolute increase of HDL-cholesterol levels needs to be revised on the basis of new data, in other words, the exact role of the HDL particle in atherosclerosis needs to be further investigated.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The process of atherosclerosis nowadays plays an important role in the health care not just as a major cause of the most common cardiovascular diseases which lead to death, but also as a major factor in the loss of age-related elasticity in the blood vessels. Over the past two decades, large studies have shown that the treatment of high cholesterol levels can reduce the frequency of cardiovascular events and death and have confirmed the ability to reduce the already existing atherosclerotic plaque, which is almost unique in pharmacotherapy. Using lipid lowering therapy, if we do it properly, we can not only prevent vascular events, but can also cure atherosclerosis. Currently there are three drug groups (statins, ezetimibe and PCSK9- inhibitors), which have complete evidence that their use can reduce the number of cardiovascular events and plaque regression can be achieved. Despite many convincing clinical trials, lipid-lowering therapy is on the cardiovascular prevention palette in the just tolerated or forced applied category. In order to take advantage of its potentials at an appropriate level, as doctors, we have to approach to it by considering its importance. We should communicate to our patients that it’s about a life-long treatment, which not only can reduce the possibility of cardiovascular events, but also can slow down the aging process of the arteries. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Pathologist have recognized arterial calcification for over a century described also by Virchow in the 19th century. Vascular calcification, an active mechanism, involves a complex, regulated process of biomineralization resembling osteogenesis. Evidence indicates that proteins controlling bone mineralization are also involved in the regulation of vascular calcification. The atherosclerotic plaque calcification can be easily detected noninvasively with radiological methods currently available and it correlates with the amount of atherosclerotic plaque. Also, it serves as a surrogate measure for atherosclerosis, allowing preclinical detection of the disease. There are several examples for the relationship between hyperlipidaemia and increased loss of bone mass. It is not surprising that the base drugs for osteoporosis also have the characteristics for lowering vascular calcification and are antiatherogenous and antilipaemic drugs. The clinical importance ot these facts is that vascular calcification is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular events. In the summary, the authors review the four histopathological types of arterial calcification and the molecules and proteins involved in these processes.]
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