[In this review we discuss the importance of the multi-photon fluorescence microscopy in the relevance of kidney physiology. Most functions of the kidney, including the clearance of metabolic waste products, maintenance of body fluid, electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure are achieved by complex interactions between multiple renal cell types and previously inaccessible structures that have been difficult to study. Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy offers an advanced imaging technique for deep optical sectioning of living tissues and organs with minimal deleterious effects. Dynamic regulatory processes and multiple functions in the intact kidney can be quantitatively visualized in real time with submicron resolution. This article reviews the application of multi-photon imaging technology that provided the most complex, spatial and temporal portrayal of renal function, depicting as well as analyzing the components and mechanisms involved in renal (patho)physiology such as glomerular structure and function, tubular transport, tubular-vesicular interaction and the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system.]

[The circadian (24 h) rhythm shows great importance in the pharmacotherapy of hypertension. There is growing interest in how to best tailor the treatment of hypertensive patients according to the circadian blood pressure pattern of each individual. Significant administration-time differences are in the chronokinetics of antihypertensive medication. The therapeutic coverage and efficacy of different antihypertensive drugs are all markedly dependent on the circadian time of drug administration. Administration of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, doxazosin and aspirin at bedtime, as opposed to upon wakening, results in an improved diurnal/nocturnal blood pressure ratio (recommended for nondipper type of hypertension). Other antihypertensive medications: calcium channel blockers and β receptor blockers are non effective at the circadian blood pressure pattern. Chronotherapy provides a means of individualizing the treatment of hypertension according to the circadian blood pressure profile of patients and constitutes a new option to optimize blood pressure control and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and the risk of end organ injury.]

[Population based studies have proven that serum level of uric acid is a cardiovascular risk factor. Uric acid is produced in the human body as a result of the degradation of endogenous and exogenous purin nucleotids. It is eliminated mainly by the kidneys and in a small amount through the gastrointestinal tract. Serum uric acid can be decreased by some medical therapies. It has been demonstrated that atorvastatin treatment can decrease significantly uric acid level in patients with hyperlipidemia. Other statins do not seem to have such an effect. The uric acid lowering effect of atorvastatin is dose-dependent, and it most likely acts by increasing the renal elimination. The cholesterol, trgiglycerid and uric acid lowering effect of atorvastatin may have an important role in decreasing cardiovascular risk.]

[Patients suffering from chronic kidney disease reach the end-stage renal disease in ever growing numbers and this necessitates the start of their dialysis treatment. The alteration of bone and mineral metabolism together with the development of the consequent organ damages starts in early stages of the chronic kidney disease. The goal of our present trial was to survey the alterations or characteristics (laboratory results, concomitant diseases and treatment practice in Hungary) of the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (PO4) metabolisms [mineral-bone disorder occurring in chronic kidney disease (CKD-MBD) or formerly known as secunder hyperparathyreosis or renal ostedistrophy] in patients chronically treated with dialysis. We collected and analyzed data/results from 5334 chronically dialyzed patients. We categorized the patients into different groups according to the guidelines of CKD-MBD so basically by the level of serum calcium and parathormone (PTH) (se-Ca level is below or above 2.4 mmol/l; PHT level is below 65 pg/ml, between 65-150, 150-300, 300-500, 500-800 pg/ml or above 800 pg/ml) and then the characteristic variances were compared. The two most frequent primary causes of end-stage renal disease are hypertension (23%) and diabetes mellitus (22%). Serum calcium level was below the upper limit of the normal range (Ca <2.4 mmol/l) in the greatest proportion of our patients (n=4386), while the parathormone level was elevated (PTH >500 pg/ml) in large portion of patients (n=833). Likewise in a significant part of our patients (44.9%) the parathormone level was low (PTH <150 pg/ml). The concurrent pathological elevation of both the serum calcium and the parathormone levels was found in only a minority of the patients (n=150; 2.8%). All of the drugs influencing calcium-phosphate and parathormone levels were already accessible during the time of origin of the trial in Hungary, although the financial limitations significantly affected their prescription. This is one of the reasons why local treatment practice was not fully aligned with guidelines. On the other hand the application of native vitamin D had an especially low prevalence. To sum up, our results match the European practice on the whole, although we definitely need improvement in reaching the treatment targets and also the clinical treatment practice leading to it. We will prepare a proposal for further analysis and longterm extension of this trial.]

[Background: The primary goal when children with vesicoureteral reflux disease (VUR) are treated is the prevention of pyelonephritis and persisting renal damage. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is usually applied to reach this aim. The selection of resisting pathogens is the major risk of CAP. The aim of our survey was to describe the patterns of pathogenic strains leading to pyelonephritis in patients treated with and without CAP. Patients and method: The pathogenic strains implicated in pyelonephritis were identified in 48 and 56 children below 1 year of age who were treated with or without CAP, respectively, between years 2006 and 2011. Results: Breakthrough urinary tract infections developing in the presence of CAP are more frequently (with about a double risk) caused by polyresistant bacteria compared to infections that emerged without CAP. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the prevalence of resistant pathogens was about 40% even in infants without CAP. Discussion: The pattern of pathogenic strains leading to pyelonephritis alters significantly even in the cohort of children below 1 year of age treated with CAP to prevent infections associated to VUR. The risk may be decreased through the rational use of antibiotics. To reach this goal national guidelines on VUR should be updated and the role of additional non-antibiotic treatment should be established.]