[Diagnosis of hypertension and target levels in mirror of the newest recommendations]
STUDINGER Péter, BARNA István
APRIL 20, 2015
Hypertension and nephrology - 2015;19(02)
STUDINGER Péter, BARNA István
APRIL 20, 2015
Hypertension and nephrology - 2015;19(02)
[In the past year, many societies published new recommendations in the field of hypertension. The European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC) published a comprehensive guideline in July 2013, providing an elaborate description of the diagnosis of hypertension. The clinical practice guideline of the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hy per - tension (ASH/ISH) contains a brief set of recommendations, and explains the diagnostic approach to hypertension in a less detailed manner. The Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC8) focuses on certain aspects of hypertension using rigorous evidence- based methodology. This article displays some of the corresponding and disparate recommendations of the three guidelines.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[Hypertension guidelines published by various societies in the previous year follow two distinct trends regarding recommendations about treatment. The European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology (ESH/ESC) gives the clinician free hand to select the antihypertensive drug, mentioning the optimal treatment regime for various associated clinical conditions. Guidelines published by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension (ASH/ISH) or by the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC8) are far less permissive, recommend the first drug of choice from a narrower circle of antihypertensive agents and describe the initiation and escalation of therapy in algorithms. This article displays some of the corresponding and disparate recommendations of the three guidelines.]
Hypertension and nephrology
Hypertension and nephrology
[Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome is a rare and underdiagnosed oculorenal disorder that is characterized by the development of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis. The median age of onset is 15 years, but it may occur at any age. There is a female predominance. Uveitis might occur before, after, and also concomitantly with tubulointerstitial nephritis. The symptoms are typically non-specific, including fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, weakness, abdominal pain, arthralgias and myalgias. Laboratory findings reveal an acute impairment of renal function, anaemia and elevated inflammatory parameters. Urinary findings are consistent with tubulointerstitial nephritis including subnephrotic proteinuria, sterile leucocyturia, microhaematuria, and tubular dysfunction (e.g. normoglycemic glycosuria). The prognosis appears to be good, especially in children. Persistent renal dysfunction only develops in a small proportion of cases. In this paper, we present the case of a 39-year-old female patient with TINU syndrome, and review the literature.]
Hypertension and nephrology
Hypertension and nephrology
Hypertension and nephrology
[Affective temperaments (cyclothymic, hypertymic, depressive, anxious, irritable) are stable parts of personality and after adolescent only their minor changes are detectable. Their connections with psychopathology is well-described; depressive temperament plays role in major depression, cyclothymic temperament in bipolar II disorder, while hyperthymic temperament in bipolar I disorder. Moreover, scientific data of the last decade suggest, that affective temperaments are also associated with somatic diseases. Cyclothymic temperament is supposed to have the closest connection with hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is higher parallel with the presence of dominant cyclothymic affective temperament and in this condition the frequency of cardiovascular complications in hypertensive patients was also described to be higher. In chronic hypertensive patients cyclothymic temperament score is positively associated with systolic blood pressure and in women with the earlier development of hypertension. The background of these associations is probably based on the more prevalent presence of common risk factors (smoking, obesity, alcoholism) with more pronounced cyclothymic temperament. The scientific importance of the research of the associations of personality traits including affective temperaments with somatic disorders can help in the identification of higher risk patient subgroups.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Diuretics have remained the cornerstone of the antihypertensive treatment since their widespreading in the 1960s. According to the 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension, in the absence of evidence from direct comparator trials and recognizing that many of the approved single-pill combinations are based on hydrochlorothiazide, this drug and thiazide-like indapamide can be considered suitable antihypertensive agents. In the 2018 Hungarian guidelines indapamide is named as the most efficacious diuretic in the treatment of patients with hypertension. The aim of the publication is redefining thiazide- and thiazide-like diuretic use in the treatment of hypertensive patients, with particular attention to presently available hydrochlorothiazide and indapamide, and their combination drugs in Hungary.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The prevalence of hypertension among patients with chronic kidney disease is high, reaching more than 80%. Hypertension is both one of the main causes and also the most common consequence of chronic kidney disease. It is also a main factor responsible for the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Blood pressure control can improve patient outcomes, lower cardiovascular risk and slow down the progression of kidney disease, irrespective of the underlying cause. The optimal therapy should therefore focus not only on blood pressure reduction but also on renoprotection. Basic understanding of the renal pathophysiology in hypertension and renal effects of various medications is of paramount importance. In this review, we summarized cornerstones of the antihypertensive therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease. The management of patients receiving kidney replacement therapies, such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or transplantation requires special knowledge and experience, therefore it is not discussed here. The aim of this review was to allow non-nephrologist physicians to take care of their kidney patients with more confidence and effectiveness.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[As the cardiovascular risk influences the quality and intensity of blood pressure lowering therapy, the goal blood pressure values and the frequency of medical control of hypertensive patients, as well as global risk assessment has an important role in the management of hypertension. In the last couple of years many data have been accumulated showing the poor prognostic value of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. This is the reason why recent Hungarian and international guidelines on the management of hypertension advise the screening for subclinical organ damage. Our goal was to summarize the importance of subclinical organ damage by discussing recently published literature on this topic. An overview has been made on the markers of vascular subclinical damage, like carotid atherosclerosis proved with carotid ultrasonography, peripheral arterial disease assessed with ankle-brachial pressure index measurements and vascular rigidity defined with pulse wave velocity measurements. The prognostic values of myocardial hypertrophy assessed with ECG and/or echocardiography and renal damage proved with decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria are also discussed. Summing up what has been said so far, the assessment of subclinical organ damage has a role in cardiovascular risk prediction, however more randomized and prospective studies have to be performed to define the most suitable (i.e. the most reliable and the most cost-effective) markers for this purpose.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most important mechanisms regarding the pathomechanism and treatment of hyprtension. The most of the elements of the RAS are found in the nervous system too. The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is based on the inhibition of the RAS. ARBs might have a special role in the central nervous system because they do not decrease the production of angiotensin but inhibit its harmful effects mediated through the AT1 receptor while allowing the stimulation of AT2 receptors with resulting pleiotrophic actions. Hypertension is the most important risk factor for stroke and has a negative effect on cognitive functions. Antihypertensive treatment has an effect on the nervous system; in addition to the consequences of the reduced blood pressure, ARBs might provide additional advantages in stroke and dementia prevention.]
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