[The field of healthcare is constantly developing, and the role of nurses is of paramount importance in the optimal care and treatment of patients. Practical education for nurses is essential to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to provide complex health care to patients. However, traditional hands-on teaching methods are time-consuming and sometimes offer limited opportunities to practice in varied and critical clinical situations.
This article reviews the place and benefits of simulation in the practical education of nurses. The simulation gives nurses the opportunity to practice handling different cases in a realistic, controlled environment, thus improving their decision-making skills and communication skills. After a brief historical overview, it will be presented what types of simulation tools and methods are available for the practical education of nurses and how they support the students’ knowledge acquisition and development.]

[Changes in blood pressure may affect flow characteristics and thus the haemodynamics of the kidneys as well. This effect may be more explicit in the single kidney state. The in vivo unmeasurable flow characteristics can be effectively estimated by numerical flow simulation. The primary aim of this study was to demonstrate that hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension result in changes of the flow characteristics of the renal artery that are more pronounced in the single kidney condition. Methods: Right and left renal artery branching angles were measured retrospectively in vivo in a randomly selected group of patients. A series of numerical flow simulations were performed, healthy and single kidney models to measure the flow characteristics of the renal artery. Blood pressure was first gradually increased from 120/80 mmHg to 200/90 mmHg. Subsequently, the case of isolated systolic hypertension was simulated by gradually decreasing diastolic blood pressure to 200/50 mmHg. The output parameters of the simulation were the pressure, turbulent kinetic energy, velocity and volumetric flow at the outlets of the renal arteries. Results: The average of the renal artery branching angles was 78° on the left side and 66° on the right side. The simulation results showed that hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension consistently alter renal artery flow characteristics to a greater extent in the case of single kidney. Conclusions: The kidney can be damaged by higher pressures, and an increase in turbulence may lead to atherosclerosis in the renal artery branching. These characteristics are higher in the single kidney state; thus, it is more dangerous for the kidney. Flow velocity and volumetric flow are not significantly dependent on the single kidney state.]

We review the literature on REM parasomnias, and their the underlying mechanisms. Several REM parasomnias are consistent with sleep dissociations, where certain elements of the REM sleep pattern emerge in an inadequate time (sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations and cataplexy) or are absent/partial in their normal REM sleep time (REM sleep without atonia, underlying REM sleep behavior disorder). The rest of REM parasomnias (sleep related painful erection, catathrenia) may have other still unclear mechanisms. REM parasomnias deserve attention, because in addition to disturbing sleep and causing injuries, they may shed light on REM sleep functions as well as the heterogeneous etiologies of parasomnias. One of them, REM sleep behavior disorder has special importance as a warning sign of evolving neurodegenerative conditions mainly synucleinopathies (some cases synucleinopathies themselves) and it is a model parasomnia revealing that parasomnias may have by autoimmune, iatrogenic and even psychosomatic etiologies.