[INTRODUCTION - All forms of diabetes are associated with increased fracture risk. In type 2 diabetes, bone mineral density is increased. In order to determine whether increased bone density is a consequence of diabetes-related metabolic changes or rather a primary alteration independent of these changes, we examined women and men with the following characteristics: normal glucose tolerance; genetically determined risk of T2DM but healthy on the basis of detailed metabolic tests; or incipient glucose intolerance, praediabetic state. PATIENTS AND METHODS - We included 72 men with normal glucose tolerance; seven men with normal glucose tolerance and first-degree relative(s) with diabetes; 64 body fat mass adjusted and BMI-adjusted men with glucose intolerance; 36 healthy women with normal glucose tolerance; 12 women with normal glucose tolerance and first-degree relative(s) with T2DM and 88 women with glucose intolerance. Muscle glucose uptake was measured by hyperinsulinaemic-normoglycaemic clamp, and bone density was measured by DEXA. RESULTS - In healthy men, the connection between leptin and BMDL1-4 is positive and the relationship between testosterone and BMDL1-4 is negative, but both correlations disappear in the early praediabetic stage. In the whole female study population, negative correlations were found between total BMD and adiponectin (r=-0.318, p<0.0001), and osteocalcin (r=-0.412, p<0.0000), which stayed significant after adjustments for body fat percent and age in case of impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION - In women with healthy glucose metabolism who have first-degree relative(s) with diabetes, increased bone density is not related to changes in glucose metabolism. Our study emphasizes the substantial gender differences in the relationship between density of the femur and vertebrae and metabolism. Our data question the mediatory role of adiponectin shown in animal studies in the insulin-sensitizing, glucose metabolism improving effect of osteocalcin in men.]

[Gastrointestinal disease is often overlooked or simply forgotten as a cause of osteoporosis. In a number of gastrointestinal diseases, sometimes because of the medicines used for their treatment, malabsorption syndrome may occur. Malabsorption might lead to insufficient absorption of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, vitamin D, vitamin K and proteins, which can cause osteopenia, osteoporosis and osteomalacia. In this paper, we aim to review the gastroenterological diseases that can lead to osteoporosis and treatment strategies.]

[Teriparatide has become one of the most important drug in the treatment of osteoporosis in Hungary. Although this is not a new drug, a number of questions arise regarding its use in everyday practice. When should we use it as first-line treatment? When should we change the used therapy to teriparatide? What kind of effect can we expect after the start of teriparatide therapy? What are the potential side effects? Financing rules limit, but do not fully control our therapeutic decisions, as these are mostly based on scientific data. In this review, we summarise new and older scientific data regarding teriparatide from practical aspects.]