[Burnout, a physical, emotional and spiritual exhaustion, is caused by chronic emotional stress, and is considered to be the end-state of a multistep process. It is most frequently observed among professionals who work with people and are faced with people's negative emotions every day. Apart from emotional stress, certain personality traits as well as high workload have also been linked to the development of burnout. Burnout symptoms include physical exhaustion (depleted energy, tiredness, illnesses), emotional exhaustion (hopelessness, depression, suicide), and spiritual exhaustion (pessimism, negative attitudes, dehumanization of patients). Approximately 20% of all medical practitioners in several European countries, as well as in the United States, have been demonstrated to show burnout symptoms. Its prevalence appears to be similar across countries, but shows differences according to medical specialty. Doctors mostly seeing patients with easily curable diseases or with good prognosis have a lower risk of burnout, whereas those seeing chronic or dying patients on a daily basis are at a much higher risk. The prevention is possible in a number of ways, such as ensuring proper work environment, providing personality development and soft skills trainings, and participation in clinical case study workshops. The Humania Professional Socialization Workshop was set up with prevention in mind at Semmelweis University in 2002 to formally provide medical students, as part of their vocational training, with skills and techniques that later will help them cope with hard emotional situations and thus reduce the risk of burnout.]

[Controlling pain has always been one of the biggest challenges of medical science. Despite pharmacological developments, still many patients suffer from long-lasting pain. During the last 40 years several surgical interventions have been used to modulate the activity of the central nervous system in order to control chronic, pharmacoresistant pain. Because such interventions may involve very serious adverse events, safer and at least equally efficient methods are still required. In the 90’s new techniques of non-invasive brain stimulation have been introduced that enable the facilitation or inhibition of distinct cortical areas. These methods are based on the electrical stimulation of brain structures and to date they have been successfully used to modulate perceptual, cognitive and motor functions in healthy subjects and various diseases as well. In this review we describe such techniques of non-invasive brain stimulation, namely repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation and review the current literature about their efficacy in controlling acute and chronic pain.]

[Different science-metric indicators are great important in evaluating the work of scientists. The authors present the advantages and disadvantages of evaluation numbers which used in the national science in decades and describe in the last year introduced new evaluation criteria. In addition, they analyze and compare the current requirements of the Hungarian Science Bibliography (MTMT) and the Doctoral Schools of the four Hungarian Medical Sciences. Finally, they seek to find out what changes are to be expected later. ]