[Thyroid disease – essentials for the everyday practice]
BAKOS Bence1, TAKÁCS István1
BAKOS Bence1, TAKÁCS István1
[Thyroid disorders are very frequent not only among endocrine diseases but also the general conditions. Every clinician, regardless of their specialty, meet patients with thyroid disorders during their everyday practice. While diagnostic and therapeutic options remained almost unchanged in the past decade, there are several intensively researched topics in the patient’s care, advances of which we ought to familiarize ourselves with. In this present paper we sought out to cover three of these fiercly discussed topics. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Nociceptive, neuropathic and central mechanisms are involved in the perception, transmission and processing of chronic pain and shaping of cerebral pain image. Alarmins – molecules alarming defence and signing the presence of pathogens and tissue damage - trigger a series of pathogenic events resulting in inflammatory pain stimuli. Proinflammatory cytokines play a determining role in the pain perception at the level of the nervous system. Continuous inflammatory stimuli while sensitizing the periferic and central neurons activate the pain-related cerebral areas and develop the complex pain image, the pain matrix. Cerebral functional connections are operating in networks and can be visualized by functional MRI. Cytokines activate the neurons directly or indirectly by other neuromediators. Cytokine receptors are expressed on nociceptors and even on higher-level neurons and on various non-neural cells, such as microglia and astrocytes. The most ubiquitous cytokines are the Tumour Necrosis Factor and Interleukin 6 in the nervous system. The signaling pathways are the Nuclear Factor κB and the Janus-kinase enzyme system. The proinflammatory cytokines and the Janus-kinase are therefore primary therapeutic targets. Anti-cytokine biologicals and small molecular kinase inhibitors decrease the pain and improve functional activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Decrease of pain was more pronounced than expected only from the decrease of the clinical biomarkers of inflammation. The early and rapid painkiller effect of targeted biological and chemical-biological response modifiers is attributed to their direct analgesic effect on the brain.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[During the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, elderly people in long-term nursing homes were especially risks exposed. In this study, the authors analyse the causes of local outbreak at the Olajág Elderly Home Vezér street facility in Budapest and the means and ways to curb the spreading of infection. They summarise the measures, which proved to be effective in isolation and treating the patients. The number of infected residents as well as the course of the disease are demonstrated by statistical data. The authors consider as pre-eminently important to identify asymptomatic but infected residents, further the rapid introduction of screening tests, strict compliance with protocols, patient path regulation and the use of enhanced, supportive communication.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[After kidney transplantation, the administration of immunosuppressive therapy not only renders the patient susceptible to infections, but it may also damage the function of tumor cell recognition and elimination. Our study was performed at the Department of Surgery, University of Szeged. After establishing the inclusion criteria, 570 patients were involved in the study. We examined the age, sex, immunosuppressive therapy of the patients, and searched for the relationship between the different immunosuppressive agents and the type of the tumor. In 81 cases, de novo cancer was diagnosed. Among patients treated with cyclosporin and tacrolimus there was no significant difference in the mean age (p = 0.734) and body mass index (p = 0.543). There was no significant difference in graft function between the two groups of patients (Tac vs Cyc; 44 vs 20). Related to the time passed since the transplantation to diagnosing the tumors the earliest were prostate and cervix cancers however without significant difference. Skin cancers are the most frequent followed by post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases. The increasing risk of developing tumors is mainly due to immunosuppressive therapy. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Our research group, has studied psychiatric and psychotherapeutic teams since 2015. The aim of the present research was to identify the Hungarian characteristics of team composition and operation. Qualitative focus group survey has been conducted on the operation of multidisciplinary teams at the annual conferences of the Hungarian Psychiatric Society in 2017, 2018 and 2019. These three groups focused on the issues of leadership, communication within the team, and competencies. The groups of an average of 17 people formed spontaneously by participation of professionals with different qualifications. The main results of the focus groups were as follows: 1. The various types of leadership within the team require the distribution and allocation of responsibilities and roles and stop the destructions. 2. Within the teams there are prevailing the informal channels of communication. 3. It is important to clarify competencies and responsibilities. 'Actually, psychiatric specialists' list of competencies there is not available in Hungary. It seems necessary to define more precisely and reconsider the professional competences of the specialized training in psychiatry and integrating these in the education, further promote the development of „list of competences in psychiatric specialization” by the legislators. The second phase of the research continues as a quantitative study based on the foregoing results gained by questionnaires. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Consulting the specialist means face-to-face meetings traditionally. Nowadays patients do not need to go to the outpatient clinic to see the doctor since many new communication options have already been available. The aim of our study was to explore how typically doctors and patients use other options (as phone call or e-mail) beside face-to-face appointments in the outpatient clinic. We conducted a focus group interview with specialists and health workers and an in-depth interview with the chief nurse of an outpatient clinic in Budapest. The specialist-patient consultation is mostly face-to-face in the specialist’s office in the presence of the nurse, whose role is complex and pivotal. Furthermore, the landline phone is an essential device, as the patients can reach the specialist or nurse in their office hours. The application of e-mail or mobile phone is incidental. The website of the outpatient clinic provides practical information to patients. Traditional postal letters, leaflets, and publications are also typical for providing information. The doctors’ opinion was rather heterogeneous about the patients’ Internet usage and about the online contact with patients. Beside increasing the capacities the deliberate and organized introduction and application of technical devices, may reduce the overburdening of health professionals.]
Clinical Neuroscience
[Family planning is an exceptionally important question in multiple sclerosis, as women of childbearing age are the ones most often affected. Although it is proven that pregnancy does not worsen the long-term prognosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, many patients are still doubtful about having children. This question is further complicated by the fact that patients – and often even doctors – are not sufficiently informed about how the ever-increasing number of available disease-modifying treatments affect pregnancies. Breastfeeding is an even less clear topic. Patients usually look to their neurologists first for answers concerning these matters. It falls to the neurologist to rationally evaluate the risks and benefits of contraception, pregnancy, assisted reproduction, childbirth, breastfeeding and disease modifying treatments, to inform patients about these, and then together come to a decision about the best possible therapeutic approach, taking the patients’ individual family plans into consideration. Here we present a review of relevant literature adhering to international guidelines on the topics of conception, pregnancy and breastfeeding, with a special focus on the applicability of approved disease modifying treatments during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The goal of this article is to provide clinicians involved in the care of MS patients with up-to-date information that they can utilize in their day-to-day clinical practice. ]
Clinical Oncology
[The joint appearance of pregnancy and cancer is rare. It is highly recommended that the tumorous pregnant should be managed by a multidisciplinary team. The early diagnosis is very important, but it is not easy, because the symptoms of pregnancy and cancer are rather similar. Imaging diagnosis has to avoid ionizing radiation (e.g. PET/CT). The same is true for chemotherapy in the fi rst trimester, due to the increased risk of developmental abnormalities. Consequently, radiation therapy is not allowded throughout the pregnancy, and the chemotherapy in the fi rst trimester is a strong indication for the interruption of pregnancy. Surgery, with good practice, usually can be performed without complications. Chemotherapy, given in the second and third trimester generally follows the standard protocols with a low frequency of developmental errors. Early delivery should not be encouraged, except the delay has a hazardous effect on the mother and/or on the child. The pregnant should be informed about all steps to be an active part of the fi nal decision.]
LAM Extra for General Practicioners
[Menopause and pregnancy are especially vulnerable periods of women’s life regarding hypertension. The “Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension”, issued by the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology, dedicates a separate chapter to hypertension in women. The renewed guidelines of the Hungarian Society of Hypertension also pays a special attention to hypertension detected during pregnancy. In this article, the euthors review the topics of hypertension detected during menopause and pregnancy, discussing pathomechanism and therapy.]
Clinical Neuroscience
[Meningiomas are one of the most frequent primary intracranial tumours, representing one-third of all intracranialneoplasms. The vast majority of meningiomas are histologically benign, but recurrence and progression is quite frequent. They occur usually between the 6th and 7th decade, the female/male ratio is 3:2. Although rare in pregnancy, when occurring, they can cause serious, life-threatening complications due to rapid growth and unfavourable localisation. There are two dominant hypothesis explaining rapid growth in pregnancy: the role of hormonal effects and hemodynamic changes. Several studies tested these theories but none provided unequivocal answer probably because the pathomechanism is complex and multifactorial. We provide an overview of the pathomechanism of meningiomas in pregnancy with emphasis on data obtained by advanced neuropathological, molecular biological, bioinformatic, imaging and epidemiological methods. A better understanding of the processes leading to meningioma development and growth in pregnancy will help us to design personalized therapy and reduce morbidity and mortality.]
Clinical Neuroscience
[Pompe disease is a rare lysosomal storage disease inherited in a recessive manner resulting muscular dystrophy. Due to the lack of the enzyme alpha glucosidase, glycogen accumulates in the cells. In the infantile form of Pompe disease hypotonia and severe cardio-respiratory failure are common leading to death within 2 years if left untreated, while the late-onset form is characterized with limb-girdle and axial muscle weakness accompanied with respiratory dysfunction. Pompe disease has been treated with regular intake of the missing enzyme since 2006, which significantly improved the survival and severity of symptoms in patients of both subtypes. The enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is safe and well tolerated. However, limited data are available on its use in pregnancy. Our goal is to share our experience and review the literature on the safety of enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease during pregnancy and post partum.]
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Clinical Neuroscience
Alexithymia is associated with cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease3.
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Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[Examination of the Strength of Core- and Perineal Muscles in Case of Different Movements]2.
Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[Examination of Parental Treatment among Outgoing Ambulance Workers]3.
Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[BLS Quality Assessment – The Effectiveness of Telephone Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Instruction]4.
Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[The History of the Founding of the first State School of Nursing ]5.
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