[Various medical associations issue different recommendations for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. These significant differences are partly explained by the different definition of normal vitamin D level and the use of completely different mathematical models to predict the increase in vitamin D level as a response to therapy. According to the Institute of Medicine, the target vitamin D level is 20 ng/ml, whereas the Endocrine Society recommends 30 ng/m as the minimum target value. These differences show that the two Society have different views on the risk of adverse effects. Screening, however, is not recommended by either society. In this review I summarize the role of the vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of infertility. Also, I suggest the protective effect of the vitamin D during the pregnancy. In my opinion screening program against D hypovitaminosis should be performed in case of infertility and in pregnancy, because data show a protective role of vitamin D against many disease of newborn. ]

[Metformin is the oral antidiabetic drug of choice for patients with type 2 diabetes. Its effect is predominantly based on the reduction of insulin resistance by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Metformin can be used as an initial oral antidiabetic drug at the start of, or in case of the failure of lifestyle modifications. Metformin is also used in dual or triple oral antidiabetic combinations, however, its use should not be suspended even if initiation of insulin therapy is indicated in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin does not increase bodyweight and the risk of hypoglycaemia, and recent data suggest that it decreases the risk of tumour development. Today, an extended- release (XR) formulation is also available besides the traditional one, which not only simplifies the treatment, but might also reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects.]

[Metformin is currentlly the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic drug for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its administration is limited by the contraindications and the possible gastrointestinal side effects. In Hungary, metformin is currently available in numerous forms, among which the extended-release tablets are distinguished because of their tolerability. The authors summarise the most recent data about the favourable features of metformin, help clinicians to choose the appropriate preparation of metformin, and highlight the administration procedures that help to avoid gastrointestinal side effects.]

[Various medical associations issue different recommendations for the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. These significant differences are partly explained by the different definition of normal vitamin D level and the use of completely different mathematical models to predict the increase in vitamin D level as a response to therapy. According to the Institute of Medicine, the target vitamin D level is 20 ng/ml, whereas the Endocrine Society recommends 30 ng/m as the minimum target value. These differences show that the two Society have different views on the risk of adverse effects. Screening, however, is not recommended by either society. In this review I summarize the role of the vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of infertility. Also, I suggest the protective effect of the vitamin D during the pregnancy. In my opinion screening program against D hypovitaminosis should be performed in case of infertility and in pregnancy, because data show a protective role of vitamin D against many disease of newborn. ]

[Increased knowledge on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes has considerably transformed the principles and practice of treatment. Insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, the two main components of the pathogenesis both play a role in the conversion of normal glucose metabolism, through impaired glucose tolerance, into type 2 diabetes. Decreased insulin sensitivity, with or without beta-cell dysfunction, is present in the vast majority cases, therefore, its treatment is essential. Physical activity is known to improve insulin sensitivity. The primary action of the recommended first-line pharmacological agent metformin is the inhibition of hepatic glucose production but it also moderately stimulates muscle glucose uptake. Glitazones are insulin sensitizers that increase glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and moderately decrease hepatic glucose production. Some evidence suggests that α-glucosidase inhibitors and also certain insulin secretagogues can improve the effect of insulin. Early detection of the pathologic state and an efficient treatment to improve both insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function are essential in order to slow the progression and prevent the development of complications in type 2 diabetes.]