[RISKS AND BENEFITS OF MEDICATION IN PREGNANT WOMEN]
CZEIZEL Endre
SEPTEMBER 18, 2004
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2004;14(08-09)
CZEIZEL Endre
SEPTEMBER 18, 2004
Lege Artis Medicinae - 2004;14(08-09)
[The Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities can provide appropriate data for the evaluation of risk and benefits of drugs and pregnancy supplements in pregnant women. Among the main principles, the importance of time factor (the first trimester concept is outdated) and the explanation of frequent false teratogenic findings (e.g. recall bias, chance effect, etc.) are discussed. The main conclusion is that at present the exaggerated teratogenic risk of drugs is much more harmful for the fetus than the rare teratogenic effect of some drugs themselves. Medical doctors and other experts therefore need more education to know the principles and findings of modern human teratology because it may help us to have a better balance between the risks and benefits of drug use during pregnancy. On the other hand, the primary prevention of neural-tube defects and some other congenital abnormalities is demonstrated by periconceptional folic acid or folic acid-containing multivitamin supplementation. Unfortunately, this new method is used rarely and inappropriately (due to the late onset of supplementation) in Hungary.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Target blood pressure and reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have to be accomplished always with the consideration of target organ lesion. Fixed-combination antihypertensive therapy has become accepted based on the recommendations of international and Hungarian medical associations that are aware of the results of evidence based medicine. The fix combinational treatment is more favorable for patients’ compliance. The daily dosage of drugs with 24 hour effect improves the patients’ cooperativeness. During fix combinational treatment higher efficiency, smaller dose and fewer side effects were observed. In combination, the effects of the drugs on blood pressure are additive without any increase in adverse effects. Last, but not least the cost of drugs of fixed combination are lower than buying the drugs separately. After careful consideration the fixed combination therapy can be recommended to the everyday practice.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
Lege Artis Medicinae
[Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a young, developing technology used to create images with extraordinary detail of body tissue or the brain by applying nuclear magnetic resonance phenomena. The MRI technique uses a pulse of radio-frequency energy to excite the hydrogen nuclei, the protons. The distribution of hydrogen nuclei of water and fat in the body depends on the tissue type and whether or not the tissue is healthy or diseased. The image brightness is a complex function of properties in the region of interest, which include parameters of protons density and the relaxation times of the protons. Manipulating these properties is accomplished by varying the experiment (pulse sequence) used at the time of examination to yield images that contains different contrast. Although MRI is normally a noninvasive technique, contrast agents can be administered to a subject to enhance a region of interest. There are now more than 22,000 MR systems in use worldwide. MR is one of the best diagnostic exams for imaging many types of soft-tissue including: the brain, the spine, the heart, aorta and coronary arteries, the organs of the upper abdomen and the pelvis as well as the joints.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[INTRODUCTION - The primary aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of a teratogenic effect of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS - Various congenital abnormalities and all (1-3) their matched controls were analysed in the population-based database of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities between 1980 and 1996. The study group comprised 38 151 pregnant women who had newborns without any congenital abnormalities (control group) and 22 843 pregnant women who had newborns or fetuses with congenital abnormalities. Main outcome measures were analysed in 22 congenital abnormalities groups. The use of metronidazole during the second and third trimesters being common, the secondary objective of the study was to analyse the effect of vaginal metronidazole treatment (500 mg of Klion) on gestational age and birth weight in the control group without congenital abnormalities. RESULTS - The prevalence of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy was 1.7% in the case group (n=388) and 1.5% in the control group (n=570) (odds ratio (OR), 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-1.3). Comparisons of cases and their matched controls showed an association between vaginal metronidazole treatment during the second and third months of gestation and congenital hydrocephaly (adjusted OR with 95% CI, 10.7, 1.1-104.5), but this was only based on five cases. The analysis of metronidazole treatment reported by the physicians did not confirm this association. After metronidazole use the mean gestational age was slightly shorter (by 0.1 week) and the mean birth weight was also slightly lower (by 40g) in the treated group. CONCLUSION - This finding should only be regarded as an indication for a possible association between vaginal treatment with metronidazole during pregnancy and congenital hydrocephalus. The results showed that vaginal metronidazole treatment alone was not able to prevent a possible vaginal infection that is associated with preterm birth, and that the prevalence of low birth weight was higher among treated women. The protective effect of metronidazole on preterm birth and low birth weight was not confirmed.]
Hungarian Radiology
[INTRODUCTION - The congenital absence of celiac trunk and it’s subtotal stenosis are rare abnormalities and often recognised only during digital substraction angiography (DSA). This anomaly is significant when there is a need to perform local intraarterial chemoperfusion or chemoembolisation of malignant hepatic tumours. In these cases the liver is supplied with arterial blood through the superior mesenteric artery and the gastroduodenal arch. The direction of blood flow in the common hepatic artery is changed ensuring the flow to the splenic and left gastric artery. In such circumstances it is not possible to obtain local chemotherapy. CASE REPORT - Two male patients (61 and 75 years old) are reported. Both patients were candidates for chemotherapy due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In these two cases the planned therapy was impossible because of a stenosis of the celiac trunk in one, and atresia of the celiac trunk in the other. CONCLUSION - The recognition of vascular anomaly prior to endovascular intervention significantly affects the planning of the therapy.]
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[This consensus document is intended to provide guidance for the effective and efficient treatment of asymptomatic individuals with high uric acid levels and gout patients.]
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