[Premises and standards in medical ethics]
LŐRINCZ Jenő
JUNE 30, 1992
Lege Artis Medicinae - 1992;2(06)
LŐRINCZ Jenő
JUNE 30, 1992
Lege Artis Medicinae - 1992;2(06)
[The definition of medical ethics seems simple: 'the right conduct of medical life' (in more modern terms: the rules of medical behaviour in professional situations). It follows József Imre's Medical Ethics, published in 1925; a problematic that pervades the principles and practice of medicine as a whole, an expanding repertoire, in the sense of 'humanistic medicine', as advocated by László Levendel (also), in which the focus is on patient-centredness rather than disease-centredness.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The process of inflammation can be classified as acute, subacute and chronic, as well as the special category of granulomatous inflammation. Classification of granulomatous inflammation based on morphologic criteria. These are epitheloid, histiocytic, foreign-body, necrobiotic and mixed inflammatory granuloma. The current knowledge suggests the following sequences for the mechanisms of granuloma formation in sarcoidosis (Fig 2): 1. T-cells are locally activated and proliferating 2. These activated T-cells release lymphokines that recruit and activate monocytes/macrophages 3. These activated monocytes/macrophages may differentiate into granuloma cells such as epithelioids cells and multinucleated giant cells and release pro-inflammatory profibrotic mediators that modulate the granulomatous and fibrotic process. It is hoped that further studies in sarcoidosis will help not only in clarifying the pathogenic mechanisms leading to granuloma formation, but also in eventually revealing the etiology of sarcoidosis. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[In the second part of their paper, the authors look over the most important phases of the development of the central nervous system during the first trimester of pregnancy - especially considering the stages, which can be differentiated with a high resolution transvaginal transducer. The closed neural tube is developing at days 40 to 44 by the closure of the posterior neuropore, however at this time no brain structures can be detected by ultrasound. During the 7th week the three primary brain vesicles (prosencephalon, metencepha lon, myelencephalon) can be identified – a single ventricle can be seen by ultrasound. During the 8th week the secondary brain vesicles (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon) can be separated. During the 9th week the lateral ventricles are filled out by the choroid plexus, which are retracted to the occipital horn by the 13th week. The appearance of the brain structures also takes place according to an accurate „calendar". The structures recognized by ultrasound can be compared to those of the central nervous system known from embryology. The problem of the primary prevention of the cerebrospinal malformations, which are among the most frequent congenital disorders, is not yet solved; therefore the early prenatal diagnosis of the structural anomalies has great importance. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[ With the spreading use of the laparoscope in the urological surgery laparoscopic varicocelectomy may become an alternative treatment of varicocele. The method can be advantageous mainly for patients with bilateral cases compared to the open operation. The authors report on two cases that have been the first urological laparoscopic operations in Hungary.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[A brief account is given of acute and chronic diseases underlying the disorders of blood supply to the small bowel. In cases of acute disorders, considering the diagnostic difficulties involved, the author stresses the importance of commencing of a vasodilatator treatment immediately after the tentative diagnosis has been reached based on the first suspicious symptomes, and also requiring angiography to render the accurate diagnosis. This is the only possibility to increase (without irreversible tissue damages) the number of successful early vascular reconstructions which are the prerequisites to reducing in lethality. Finally, based on his own extensive experimental work, the author proposes to make allowances for the augmented local postischaemic vasoconstrictor trends of vascular reactivity in the complex therapeutic regimen of these diseases. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The acute and chronic cardiovascular effects of sleep related breathing disorders are summarized in this review. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome is characterized by recurrent upper airway collapse during inspiration. The resulting asphyxia causes hypoxia and arousal. The vigorous inspiratory efforts produce falls in blood pressure coinciding with each effort (pulsus paradoxus). A rise in blood pressure is seen concurrently with each termination of apnoea and arousal. Bradycardia induced by hypoxia in each obstructive period and increased frequency at time of arousals could lead to arrhythmias. This may result in a high prevalence of hypertension, acute myocardial infarction and arrhythmias in sufferers of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome have. ]
Clinical Neuroscience
We aimed to investigate the association between fluoxetine use and the survival of hospitalised coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia patients. This retrospective case-control study used data extracted from the medical records of adult patients hospitalised with moderate or severe COVID-19 pneumonia at the Uzsoki Teaching Hospital of the Semmelweis University in Budapest, Hungary between 17 March and 22 April 2021. As a part of standard medical treatment, patients received anti-COVID-19 therapies as favipiravir, remdesivir, baricitinib or a combination of these drugs; and 110 of them received 20 mg fluoxetine capsules once daily as an adjuvant medication. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between fluoxetine use and mortality. For excluding a fluoxetine-selection bias potentially influencing our results, we compared baseline prognostic markers in the two groups treated versus not treated with fluoxetine. Out of the 269 participants, 205 (76.2%) survived and 64 (23.8%) died between days 2 and 28 after hospitalisation. Greater age (OR [95% CI] 1.08 [1.05–1.11], p<0.001), radiographic severity based on chest X-ray (OR [95% CI] 2.03 [1.27–3.25], p=0.003) and higher score of shortened National Early Warning Score (sNEWS) (OR [95% CI] 1.20 [1.01-1.43], p=0.04) were associated with higher mortality. Fluoxetine use was associated with an important (70%) decrease of mortality (OR [95% CI] 0.33 [0.16–0.68], p=0.002) compared to the non-fluoxetine group. Age, gender, LDH, CRP, and D-dimer levels, sNEWS, Chest X-ray score did not show statistical difference between the fluoxetine and non-fluoxetine groups supporting the reliability of our finding. Provisional to confirmation in randomised controlled studies, fluoxetine may be a potent treatment increasing the survival for COVID-19 pneumonia.
Clinical Neuroscience
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a heterogeneous presentation, the etiology of which is not clearly elucidated. In recent years, comorbidity has become more evident with the increase in the frequency of autism and diagnostic possibilities of inborn errors of metabolism. One hundred and seventy-nine patients with diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder who presented to the Pediatric Metabolism outpatient clinic between 01/September/2018-29/February/2020 constituted the study population. The personal information, routine and specific metabolic tests of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. Out of the 3261 patients who presented to our outpatient clinic, 179 (5.48%) were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and were included in the study. As a result of specific metabolic examinations performed, 6 (3.3%) patients were diagnosed with inborn errors of metabolism. Two of our patients were diagnosed with classical phenylketonuria, two with classical homocystinuria, one with mucopolysaccharidosis type 3D (Sanfilippo syndrome) and one with 3-methylchrotonyl Co-A carboxylase deficiency. Inborn errors of metabolism may rarely present with autism spectrum disorder symptoms. Careful evaluation of the history, physical examination and additional findings in patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder will guide the clinician in the decision-making process and chose the appropriate specific metabolic investigation. An underlying inborn errors of metabolism may be a treatable cause of autism.
Although vertigo is one of the most common complaints, intracranial malignant tumors rarely cause sudden asymmetry between the tone of the vestibular peripheries masquerading as a peripheral-like disorder. Here we report a case of simultaneous temporal bone infiltrating macro-metastasis and disseminated multi-organ micro-metastases presenting as acute unilateral vestibular syndrome, due to the reawakening of a primary gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. Purpose – Our objective was to identify those pathophysiological steps that may explain the complex process of tumor reawakening, dissemination. The possible causes of vestibular asymmetry were also traced. A 56-year-old male patient’s interdisciplinary medical data had been retrospectively analyzed. Original clinical and pathological results have been collected and thoroughly reevaluated, then new histological staining and immunohistochemistry methods have been added to the diagnostic pool. During the autopsy the cerebrum and cerebellum was edematous. The apex of the left petrous bone was infiltrated and destructed by a tumor mass of 2x2 cm in size. Histological reexamination of the original gastric resection specimen slides revealed focal submucosal tumorous infiltration with a vascular invasion. By immunohistochemistry mainly single infiltrating tumor cells were observed with Cytokeratin 7 and Vimentin positivity and partial loss of E-cadherin staining. The subsequent histological examination of necropsy tissue specimens confirmed the disseminated, multi-organ microscopic tumorous invasion. Discussion – It has been recently reported that the expression of Vimentin and the loss of E-cadherin is significantly associated with advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, vascular and neural invasion and undifferentiated type with p<0.05 significance. As our patient was middle aged and had no immune-deficiency, the promoting factor of the reawakening of the primary GC malignant disease after a 9-year-long period of dormancy remained undiscovered. The organ-specific tropism explained by the “seed and soil” theory was unexpected, due to rare occurrence of gastric cancer to metastasize in the meninges given that only a minority of these cells would be capable of crossing the blood brain barrier. Patients with past malignancies and new onset of neurological symptoms should alert the physician to central nervous system involvement, and the appropriate, targeted diagnostic and therapeutic work-up should be established immediately. Targeted staining with specific antibodies is recommended. Recent studies on cell lines indicate that metformin strongly inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells. Therefore, further studies need to be performed on cases positive for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
Clinical Neuroscience
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Alexithymia is a still poorly understood neuropsychiatric feature of PD. Cognitive impairment (especially visuospatial dysfunction and executive dysfunction) and alexithymia share common pathology of neuroanatomical structures. We hypothesized that there must be a correlation between CD and alexithymia levels considering this relationship of neuroanatomy. Objective – The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between alexithymia and neurocognitive function in patients with PD. Thirty-five patients with PD were included in this study. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale–20 (TAS-20), Geriatric Depression Inventory (GDI) and a detailed neuropsychological evaluation were performed. Higher TAS-20 scores were negatively correlated with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarities test score (r =-0.71, p value 0.02), clock drawing test (CDT) scores (r=-0.72, p=0.02) and verbal fluency (VF) (r=-0.77, p<0.01). Difficulty identifying feelings subscale score was negatively correlated with CDT scores (r=-0.74, p=0.02), VF scores (r=-0.66, p=0.04), visual memory immediate recall (r=-0.74, p=0.01). VF scores were also correlated with difficulty describing feelings (DDF) scores (r=-0.66, p=0.04). There was a reverse relationship between WAIS similarities and DDF scores (r=-0.70, p=0.02), and externally oriented-thinking (r=-0.77,p<0.01). Executive function Z score was correlated with the mean TAS-20 score (r=-62, p=0.03) and DDF subscale score (r=-0.70, p=0.01) Alexithymia was found to be associated with poorer performance on visuospatial and executive function test results. We also found that alexithymia was significantly correlated with depressive symptoms. Presence of alexithymia should therefore warn the clinicians for co-existing CD.
Clinical Neuroscience
[A growing body of evidence suggests that sleep plays an essential role in the consolidation of different memory systems, but less is known about the beneficial effect of sleep on relational memory processes and the recognition of emotional facial expressions, however, it is a fundamental cognitive skill in human everyday life. Thus, the study aims to investigate the effect of timing of learning and the role of sleep in relational memory processes. 84 young adults (average age: 22.36 (SD: 3.22), 21 male/63 female) participated in our study, divided into two groups: evening group and morning group indicating the time of learning. We used the face-name task to measure relational memory and facial expression recognition. There were two sessions for both groups: the immediate testing phase and the delayed retesting phase, separated by 24 hours. 84 young adults (average age: 22.36 (SD: 3.22), 21 male/63 female) participated in our study, divided into two groups: evening group and morning group indicating the time of learning. We used the face-name task to measure relational memory and facial expression recognition. There were two sessions for both groups: the immediate testing phase and the delayed retesting phase, separated by 24 hours. Our results suggest that the timing of learning and sleep plays an important role in the stabilizing process of memory representation to resist against forgetting.]
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Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[Correlations Between Burnout and Socio-demographic and Workplace Related Factors Among Health-care Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemics]5.
Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[Operational Efficiency Investigation from APN Perioperative Perspective]1.
Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[Nutritional Therapy in the Stroke Ward: Treatment of Dysphagia in Acute Care of Stroke Patients ]2.
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Journal of Nursing Theory and Practice
[A possible role of Advanced Practice Nurses in primary care - the possibility of screening for retinopathy in patients with diabetes]5.
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