NAGY Judit, KOVÁCS Tibor, KÉSŐI István, TÓTH Péter, SÁGI Balázs, SZAPÁRY László, VAS Tibor, KOMOLY Sámuel, KOLLER Ákos, WITTMANN István, BERECZKI Dániel, KISS István
MAY 20, 2010
Hypertension and nephrology - 2010;14(02)
[In chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients the high risk for cardiovascular events represents the major cause for morbidity and mortality. Stroke is the third most common manifestation of cardiovascular diseases and cause of death. The risk of cerebrovascular diseases persists in CKD patient in predialysis increases by 1.5-3 times whereas in patients on dialysis is increases by 4-10 times. The combination of classical cardiovascular risk factors and the pathomechanisms present in CKD and activated by dialysis treatment may explain the increased risk. The outcome of stroke is more severe in CKD, than in other populations. There are only a few data regarding early identification, primary and secondary prevention. and proper treatment of stroke in CKD patients with and without dialysis. In this review we summarize the diagnostic and treatment strategies that are based on the existing state of knowledge. However, additional studies are needed to address the poor prognosis through early identification of risk developing potential preventions and treatments of stroke in CKD.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[Author analyses the scientific results of his own clinical research work by evaluating his product in a „traditional way”, and only after then supplemented by scientometric data (citedness). From the 148 articles which has been published in foreign language (mostly in English) in abroad, 10 was grouped into the category of “new procedure/ recognition”, 40 into “original data/significant new statement”, and 98 into “new observation (statement) in a detailed question”. He has found close correlation between the values of the publications grouped by the traditional evaluation and the corresponding numbers of citations. Author discusses in the light of his own data the evaluating role of citedness with the hope to help by this motivated young scholars to plan their own future.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[The reason of the unfavourable life expectancy of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is not only the development of end-stage renal failure but the frequent appearance of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Chronic kidney damage itself is a cardiovascular risk state and the occurrence of CVD/associated diseases is significantly higher in chronic kidney failure. Beside risk stratification and valid treatment of CVD (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease e.g.) we and the international nephrological community have left the cerebrovascular diseases of CKD patients out of consideration. However, up to 50% of patients suffering a stroke will die immediately, only 10% of stroke survivors can continue his/her profession, but the others will be permanently disabled. High blood pressure is a strong predictor of stroke and of other CVD in most of the patients. In stroke risk reduction it is particularly important to reach the target blood pressure values. The main object of the “Live under 140/90 mmHg” programme of the Hungarian Society of Hypertension is to familiarize with target blood pressure itself and how to reach target blood pressure. In 2010, prevention, early diagnosis and management of stroke are the most important challenges of this programme (The Brain Control Programme). We think it is advisable to prepare and publish a clinical practice guideline in collaboration with stroke societies which is similar to the guidelines of international societies and of the Hungarian Society of Stroke but specific for CKD patients. This guideline would help to give a uniform, up-to-date treatment for the cerebrovascular diseases of CKD patients.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[Stroke is the third most frequent cause of death and the most important cause of disability and dependency worldwide. There are marked differences in the incidence, prevalence and mortality between the populations of Eastern and Western Europe. In Hungary, between 1998-2003, the incidence of stroke was 1,5-2 times higher than in the Western part of the continent. The early recognition of signs and symptoms of TIA and stroke and the urgent transportation of the patient to neurology, preferably to the nearest stroke-center are the key points of successful treatment, reduction of consequences and increased survival. The “time is brain” concept means that the management of TIA/stroke patients should be considered as emergency. This review briefly summarizes the epidemiology, key elements of the etiology, risk factors, up-to-dated diagnosis, primary and secondary prevention and treatment of TIA/stroke to provide information regarding the development of this field targeting the optimal management of TIA/stroke patients.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[According to World Health Organization data 250 million people suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide, and the diseases accounts for 5% of total mortality. It is the only cause of death with increasing incidence and is estimated to be the third most prevalent one after stroke and myocardial infarction by 2030. In Hungary the estimated number of patients is 500 000 and projected to the number of habitants the highest number of death is caused by COPD in our country in Europe. Hypertension is a public health problem also in Hungary and it is estimated that 2.5-3.5 million adult are affected. Most of them are not aware of their disease or their treatment is insufficient. Hypertension also accounts for a great percentage of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Coincidence of the two diseases is significant in the adult population. According to international data the prevalence of COPD among patients with hypertension is similar to that of the general population, thus the coincidence of the two diseases may affect 2.5% of the adult population. Separate guidelines are available for the diagnosis and the treatment of the diseases, however these issues are not discussed jointly neither in international nor in Hungarian guidelines. In this review epidemiology of coincidence, the raising effect of COPD in cardiovascular risk and the potential therapeutic suggestions are summarized.]
Clinical Neuroscience
Background - The aim of this study was to compare ischemic stroke subtypes with the effects of risk factors, the relationship between grades of kidney disease and the severity of stroke subtypes. Methods - The current study was designed retrospectively and performed with data of patients who were hospitalised due to ischemic stroke. We included 198 subjects who were diagnosed with ischemic stroke of Grade 3 and above with chronic kidney disease. Results - In our study were reported advanced age, coronary artery disease, moderate kidney disease as the most frequent risk factors for cardioembolic etiology. Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and alcohol consumption were the most frequent risk factors for large-artery disease. Female sex and anaemia were the most frequent risk factors for small-vessel disease. Dialysis and severe kidney disease were the most frequent risk factors in unknown etiologies, while male sex, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke and mild kidney disease were the most frequent risk factors for other etiologies. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were lower for small-vessel disease compared with other etiologies. This relation was statistically significant (p=0.002). Conclusion - In order to improve the prognosis in ischemic stroke with chronic kidney disease, the risk factors have to be recognised and the treatment options must be modified according to those risk factors.
Lege Artis Medicinae
[The prevalence of hypertension among patients with chronic kidney disease is high, reaching more than 80%. Hypertension is both one of the main causes and also the most common consequence of chronic kidney disease. It is also a main factor responsible for the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Blood pressure control can improve patient outcomes, lower cardiovascular risk and slow down the progression of kidney disease, irrespective of the underlying cause. The optimal therapy should therefore focus not only on blood pressure reduction but also on renoprotection. Basic understanding of the renal pathophysiology in hypertension and renal effects of various medications is of paramount importance. In this review, we summarized cornerstones of the antihypertensive therapy in patients with chronic kidney disease. The management of patients receiving kidney replacement therapies, such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis or transplantation requires special knowledge and experience, therefore it is not discussed here. The aim of this review was to allow non-nephrologist physicians to take care of their kidney patients with more confidence and effectiveness.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[The incidence of chronic kidney disease continuously increases worldwide. Studies suggest that kidney disease is an as powerful cardiovascular risk factor as diabetes mellitus. Because of the high prevalence of lipid disorders, it is likely that dyslipidaemia plays a major role in the high cardiovascular risk of these patients. Evidence supports treating dyslipidaemia in patients with mild or moderate kidney disease, but the results of statin trials in dialysed patients are inconclusive. A practical treatment algorithm is proposed considering the special aspects, the effectiveness and safety of the drugs in the whole spectrum of kidney disease.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[Sevelamer HCl is a non-metal and non-calcium based phosphate binder, ion exchange resin, which not selectively binds the phosphate ions in the gastrointestinal tract. In Hungary since 2005, on the basis of strict professional guidelines, sevelamer is available therapy for chronic kidney disease patients with severe hyperphosphatemia on dialysis. On the basis of 17 prospective and retrospective studies, sevelamer HCl is an at least as effective phosphate binder as other calcium based binders, in reducing the serum phosphate level. The advantage of sevelamer compared to the other widely used calcium based phosphate binders is the significantly lower serum calcium level and less hypercalcemic episodes. Sevelamer therapy in chronic kidney disease patients reduces the progression of cardiovascular calcification and it has also a positive effect on cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. The side effects of sevelamer therapy may be acidosis, and gastrointestinal complaints. This year the improved form, sevelamer carbonate, becomes available in Hungary. Sevelamer carbonate has similar phosphate and cholesterol binding capacity as that of sevelamer HCl, but it has several advantages: it has a positive effect on acid-base parameters, and may be administered in powder form, which is beneficial for children and for patients with swallowing disorders. The primary analysis of the DCOR study has not revealed any significant difference in the survival and cardiovascular mortality between patient groups treated with calcium based binder or sevelamer. The RIND trial data showed improved survival of new dialysis patients, who were initially treated with sevelamer. Further clinical studies are needed to kaverify the benefits of sevelamer therapy (mortality, cardiovascular calcification) in chronic kidney disease patients. The management of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure is a major challenge even in the first decade of the 21th century. This is the fact, despite that recently three different groups of phosphate binders are available in the clinical practice: the calcium based binders (calcium carbonate, calcium acetate), sevelamer and lanthanum. Which is the best binder? A calcium based or a non-calcium based one? Over the past decade, these issues are in the mainstream of clinical research of nephrology.]
Hypertension and nephrology
[In this article a practice-oriented narrative review of the depressive disorders in chronic kidney disease is provided. Depressive disorders affect approximately one fourth of the chronic kidney disease population. These mental disorders interfere with physical, cognitive and social functioning and are associated with poor prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease. Bio-psycho-social factors, including immuno-inflammatory processes, disturbance in glucose- insulin homeostasis, sleep disorders, chronic pain, sexual difficulties, changes in social roles, losses in multiple areas of life and low social support increase the risk for the development of depression. Routine, regular screening of depression in the chronic kidney disease population seems to be warranted. Only limited published evidence is available on the therapeutic possibilities of depression in chronic kidney disease. Preliminary evidence indicates that short, structured psychotherapy may be effective for acute treatment and prevention of psychological distress. Some antidepressants can be applied without the need for dose adjustments. On the other hand, some of the psychotropic medications require dose reduction or should be avoided.]
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