Objective - Patients were assessed in terms of risk factors, hematoma size and localization, the effects of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) on mortality and morbidity, and post-stroke depression. Materials and methods - The present study evaluated the demographic data, risk factors, and neurological examinations of 216 ICH patients. The diagnosis, volume, localization, and ventricular extension of the hematomas were determined using computed tomography scans. The mortality rate through the first 30 days was evaluated using ICH score and ICH grading scale. The Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to determine the dependency status and functional recovery of each patient, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was administered to assess the psychosocial status of each patient. Results - The mean age of the patients was 65.3±14.5 years. The most common locations of the ICH lesions were as follows: lobar (28.3%), thalamus (26.4%), basal ganglia (24.0%), cerebellum (13.9%), and brainstem (7.4%). The average hematoma volume was 15.8±23.8 cm3; a ventricular extension of the hemorrhage developed in 34.4% of the patients, a midline shift in 28.7%, and perihematomal edema, as the most frequently occurring complication, in 27.8%. Over the 6-month follow-up period, 57.9% of patients showed a poor prognosis (mRS: ≥3), while 42.1% showed a good prognosis (mRS: <3). The mortality rate over the first 30 days was significantly higher in patients with a low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission, a large hematoma volume, and ventricular extension of the hemorrhage (p=0.0001). In the poor prognosis group, the presence of moderate depression (39.13%) was significantly higher than in the good prognosis group (p=0.0001). Conclusion - Determination and evaluation of the factors that could influence the prognosis and mortality of patients with ICH is crucial for the achievement of more effective patient management and improved quality of life.

[Introduction - Among antidotes in development for reversal of novel oral anticoagulants, dabigatran-specific idarucizumab was the first one to reach the market. Case presentation - We present the first Hungarian case of intracerebral hemorrhage under treatment with dabigatran, where idarucizumab was administered to suspend anticoagulation. Discussion - Our report is concordant with prior publications, confirming the efficacy of the antidote in reversing the effect of dabigatran, and thus, preventing intracerebral hematoma progression in the acute phase. Conclusion - Since there is no proven alternative to idarucizumab, conducting randomized clinical trials would be unethical. Therefore, besides case reports, positive results of prospective studies could help us revise therapeutic guidelines, and thus, improve the prognosis of dabigatran-associated intracerebral hemorrhages.]

[Purpose - Whereas the protective effect of mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption against ischemic stroke has been well recognized, there is conflicting evidence regarding the link between alcohol consumption and hemorrhagic strokes. The aim of the present study is to summarize the results of case-control and cohort studies published on this issue. Methods - Recent epidemiologic articles on the relationship between alcohol consumption and hemorrhagic stroke were identified by Medline searches limited to title words using the following search terms: ”alcohol AND cerebrovascular dis*”, ”alcohol AND stroke”, ”alcohol AND cerebral hemorrhage” and ”alcohol AND hemorrhagic stroke”. Results - Most case-control and cohort studies either repor-ted only on total strokes or on a combined group of hemorr-hagic strokes including intracerebral as well as subarachnoid hemorrhages. There was a consensus among reports that heavy alcohol consumption was associated with a higher risk of hemorrhagic strokes. Controversy remains regarding the effect of mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption: while some studies reported a protective effect, others found a dose-dependent linear relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The differential effect of moderate alcohol consumption on hemorrhagic compared to ischemic strokes is mostly attributed to alcohol- and withdrawal- induced sudden elevations of blood pressure, and coagulation disorders. Conclusions - Heavy drinking should be considered as one of the risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke. In contrast to the protective effect of mild-to-moderate alcohol use against ischemic strokes, moderate drinking might result in an increased risk of hemorrhagic strokes.]

[Prognosis of ventricular hemorrhages is variable: parenchymal bleedings with secondary propagation into the ventricles are reported to have high mortality while good recovery is seen in most patients with primary intraventricular hemorrhage. The clinical course and outcome of 7 patients with intraventricular hemorrhage are reported and analysed in this paper. Three of them suffered primary intraventricular hemorrhage. One patient was followed up for 7 years after the onset of his disease. Complete clinical recovery was observed in 4 out of 7 patients, 2 patients had mild residual symptoms and 1 died because of extracranial complications. The favourable outcome of secondary intraventricular bleedings could be explained by the relief of intracranial pressure because of the drainage into the ventricular system. Noncommunicating hydrocephalus is a frequent complication, it should always be considered when signs of increased intracranial pressure develope after transitory improvement. External ventricular drainage of cerebrospinal fluid prevents the permanent neurological consequences of the hydrocephalus. Three out of our 7 patients required this procedure. Regular CSF examination helps the early recognition of drain-ventriculitis.]

[The frequency of the intracerebral hemorrhages among the strokes is most commonly quoted around 10 percent. The rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is often complicated with subarachnoideal hemorrhage as well as with intracerebral hematoma therefore this latter type of intraparenchymal hemorrhage may also be discussed in this topic. The modern imaging procedures (Computed to mography, Nuclear magnetic resonance) are of crucial importance in the urgent and exact diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhages. The first essential step in the diagnosis of stroke is to distinguish the ischemic lesion from the hemorrhage by means of CT. When an intra cerebral hemorrhage threatens life and the patient's condition is relatively good there must be an urgent decision considering the choice between medical therapy or surgical intervention. Although clearcut indications for surgery are now available, the clinical and computed tomographic guidelines play indi vidually an important role in the final decision. The individual judgment is always desirable in every case of intracerebral hemorrhage as well as in the surgical intrvention of intracranial aneurysm during the acute phase (two days).]