[Atypical Parkinson syndromes are distinguished from idiopathic Parkinson disease by insufficient or missing response to dopaminergic replacement therapy and therefore they have significantly unfavorable prognoses. Early differential diagnosis is very important for the patient. It enables the therapist to give suitable consults, to avoid unnecessary or inappropriate therapy, which are not free of medication side effects and furthermore facilitates the selection of adapted symptomatically medical and physical measures of treatment. In case of future development of neuroprotective or causally therapy strategies correct diagnosis will allow an early start of therapy. The differential diagnosis separation of the three clinical pictures from the idiopathic Parkinson disease with clinical criteria might be difficult in the early stage of disease. Additional neuroimaging and nuclear medical investigations may support the clinical probable diagnosis.]

[Frontotemporal dementia is the second most common early onset dementia after Alzheimer disease. Frontotemporal dementias are a complex group of dementias. The clinical diagnosis can be perplexing because of concurring psychiatric and neurologic syndromes. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, the underlying pathology, represents an emerging group of proteinopathies. Genetic factors play an important part in the etiologies of dementias. This article overviews current defining characteristics of frontotemporal dementias known also as frontotemporal lobar degenerations]

[The ability to count and calculate is a human-specific skill comprised of understanding numeric values and categories and performing numerical operations; it is an acoustic-verbal symbolic activity that may be expressed in writing and understood by reading. The neuronal bases and precursors of cognitive systems have been supplied to mankind by the process of evolution. Abilities to create symbols (speech, visual letter and number symbols) must have played a decisive role in the emergence of man from the world of primates. Although counting and calculating problems are classified into numerous types, two main forms of dyscalculia have practical importance: the acquired one (the loss of learned knowledge) and the developmental one (the disturbance of the acquisition of arythmetical knowledge).]

[Vertigo is one of the most common symptom and complaint in the clinical practice. The differential diagnosis can only be attained by a careful interdisciplinary way of thinking and activity, given the fact that the vestibular, neurological and psychiatric disorders - considered as pathogenic factors - are being present simultaneously in triggering the symptoms, and there can be overlaps between the certain pathological processes. The author deals with the co-morbidity of the vertigo and the psychiatric symptoms - anxiety, panic-disorder -, pointing out the common neurobiological and neurophysiological factors in the background of the symptoms, emphasizing the importance of the SSRI-s in the restoration of the serotonerg dysfunction.]