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Lege Artis Medicinae - 2018;28(08-09)
Content
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[Differential diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia]
[Hyponatraemia (serum sodium concentration < 136 mmol/l) is the most frequent electrolyte abnormality that inceases the risk of both in-hospital, and outpatient mortality. Antidiuretic hormone action or low glomerular fitration rate or low excretable osmoles or their combination are involved in its pathogenesis. Differential diagnosis is based on medical and medication histories, serum- and urine osmolality and urine sodium concentration. Measurement of fractional excretions of urea and uric acid help identifying low effective circulting volume, renal hypoperfusion. Symptomatic hyponatraemia or an acute decrease of serum sodium concentration exceeding 10 mmol/l should be treated with 3% NaCl to avoid impending threat to life. The principles of the treatment of chronic hyponatraemia are restriction of water intake and elimination of etiologic factor(s) (eg. medications - most often thiazides). In case of contracted axtracellular volume, isotonic saline should be given. In case of euvolaemia, restriciton of water intake is fundamental. In case of expanded extracellular volume, (heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrosis), water and NaCl intake should be restricted along with aldosteron antagonist and loop diuretic therapy. In chronic hyponatraemia, the rise of serum sodium concentration should not exceed 10 mmol/l during the first 24 hours and 8 mmol/l/day thereafter. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[Depression in medical practice - the possibilities of diagnosis and treatment]
[Nowadays, there is an increasing incidence of depressive mood disorders, so we have more and more depressed patients in everyday clinical practice. Unfortunately, in many cases, this is not recognized and thus the treatment of depressed patients is not adequately addressed. Untreated depression not only increases the burden of the patient and his environment, but leads to serious and dangerous psychic and somatic complications. However, with modern and complex psychopharmacological, psychotherapeutic and sociotherapeutic methods, depressive mood disorders can be effectively treated. In this paper I review the etiologic background, the characteristics of depressive mood disorders and the most important steps of making diagnosis, as well as the state of the art therapeutic options. Rapid recognition and effective treatment of depressive symptoms has important therapeutic and preventive significance, so today, besides psychiatrists, there is an increasing role for general practitioners and other specialists (internists, neurologists, etc.).]
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[Multidisciplinarity and pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]
[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a subgroup of the fibrotising idiopathic interstitial pneumonias occuring primarily in older adults. It is characterised by progressive decline of lung function and is associated with high mortality. IPF is frequently associated with pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH has unfavourable impact on the prognosis of IPF. PH should be suspected in IPF patients presenting with dyspnoe, desaturation on exertion and disproportionately low diffusion capacity. Transthoracic echocardiography is used to screen for PH in IPF patients. Although right heart catheterization is the gold standard procedure for the diagnosis of PH, this is not regularly performed on IPF patients. Chest high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) is essential for the diagnosis of IPF. IPF is typically characterised by the presence of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on HRCT. Multidisciplinary discussion between experienced pulmonologists, radiologists, and pathologists is key in the early and accurate diagnosis of IPF. An important role of the interstitial lung disease-multidisciplinary team (ILD-MDT) is to determine whether other diagnostic examinations and surgical lung biopsy is needed, in an attempt to reduce unnecessary risk. ILD-MDT should propose the initiation of antifibrotic therapies that have the potential to reduce disease progression. All patients diagnosed with IPF, with no contraindications for lung transplantation, should be referred early to a transplant committee.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[Feeding and eating in infancy and early childhood part III. - Development of self-feeding skills in the large-sample of the “For Healthy Offspring” project ]
[Feeding and eating in infancy and early childhood part III. - Development of self-feeding skills in the large-sample of the “For Healthy Offspring” project INTRODUCTION - After introducing adequate complementary food to the diet of breastfed/formula-fed babies, the frequency and amount of semisolid/solid food is increasing, the breastmilk/formula intake is decreasing and finally the weaning process is completed. During this process the developing feeding skills of the infant enables them to self-feed. The self-feeding infant and toddler should participate in family meals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS - In the Healthy Offspring project self reported questionnaires were received from 1133 parents of 0-3 year old children. Issues concerning the development of self-feeding skills were analyzed. RESULTS - With advancing age the proportion of infants/toddlers, reported to be able to (partially) self-feed, has increased. The age, at which the majority of toddlers (83.1%) were reported to self-feed, was at 13-15 months. By the age over 2 years 57.2% of the toddlers were fully self-feeding, 39.3% were self-feeding with some assistance, and 3.5% were still completely fed by their mother/caregiver. While self-feeding became more prevalent, the proportion of toddlers with feeding problems and insufficient weight gain has increased. With more prevalent complementary feeding more parents assessed their feeding style rather scheduled than on demand. In the whole sample the proportion of infants/toddlers, who ate with the family, was 43.8%. CONCLUSIONS - In our sample, as previously described in the scientific literature, the developmental readiness to self-feed has developed in the majority of infants by the age of 13-15 months. During progression of weaning an increasing proportion of parents thought, that feeding was rather scheduled than on demand. This finding points at the importance of educating parents about the importance of responsive feeding during and after weaning. For self-feeding toddlers, responsive feeding means, that the mother/caregiver offers a choice of healthy and adequate amount of food, at a proper place, at proper times, responds to the hunger and satiety cues of the child and the toddler decides, whether to eat, what and how much to eat.]
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[The liaison between internal medicine and psychiatry can be life-saving in the treatment of severe anorexia nervosa]
[INTRODUCTION - In the severe forms of anorexia nervosa hospitalization may be required, and the somatic treatment is provided in a department of internal medicine. In such cases, collaboration between internist and psychiatrist is essential. Psychological support is necessary even in the period of nutritional rehabilitation. This can be applied in the framework of consultation-liaison psychiatry. After the initial weight gain providing psychotherapy in an outpatient setting is fundamental. In the case of anorexic patients who maintain a close relationship with the family, family therapy is the most effective treatment. CASE REPORT - A 26-year old female patient with anorexia was hospitalized in a department of internal medicine after an extreme emaciation, her body mass index was 11.6. During this period there was a psychiatric consultation involving the fa-ther of the patient as well. Her body weight increased, and outpatient family therapy was initiated. Fifteen family sessions were conducted in nine months, with special focus on the separation-individuation process. At the end of the therapy a full remission could be observed, with a normal body weight, and her periods returned. After a four-month follow-up her state was stable, and she got married. CONCLUSION - Interdisciplinary collaboration can be cardinal when somatic and psychological disorders are interwoven. The role of family therapy is crucial in those cases where emotional separation from the family of origin is difficult, even if the patient does not live with the parents any longer. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[Medical aid in dying or physician assisted suicide]
[The paper reflects upon the process in which physician assisted suicide, as it is traditionally called, is being reinterpreted. First, changes in word usage shall be demonstrated by examples taken form the relevant US laws and statements of prestigious US organisations. Then the interpretive possibilities of suicide, as it is traditionally called, and their consequencies are discussed. In this context the present state of art of the Hungarian criminal law is briefly presented. Finally some remarks on the normative element of the practice are made. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[„Is it worth the while to be further occupied with the history of medicine? - letter by Gyula Magyary-Kossa to Bódog Csajkás]
[In 1941 Bódog Csajkás, a young historian of medicine at the beginning of his career, wrote a letter to Gyula Magyary-Kossa, the most outstanding character of Hungarian medical historiography and sent him some of his works. In this letter he asked if there was a point in further devoting himself to the history of medicine. In a short and encouraging answer Magyary-Kossa urged the young man to continue with his efforts. ]
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
Lege Artis Medicinae
SEPTEMBER 20, 2018
[The First Mindfulness Conference in Hungary ]
[Those familiar with psychology are no strangers to the here-and-now attention exercises Wilhelm Reich asked his clients to allow the present moment to be observed. The here-and-now focus later become the focus of neo- and postreichian movements and a number of other psychotherapeutic movements too. Among the analysts Jung, Horney and Fromm showed a interest in the present-focused Zen Buddhist practices...]
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